// JavaScript Document

var soilInfo = [[11, 1, "images/AdvancedTriscan.jpg", "Advanced Triscan", "This is the most advanced Triaxial testing machine currently available to soils testing laboratories. The microprocessor based TriSCAN advanced system incorporates a large graphics display and a 20 key membrane key pad for data entry. The built-in four channel stand alone data logger allows data acquisition from load, strain, pore pressure and volume change transducers.", "Trixial Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=1"],
		    [12, 1, "images/standard.jpg", "Standard Triscan", "<UL><LI>Speed range of 0 - 10,00000mm/min</LI><LI>Platern adjustment speed of up to 99.99mm/min(50mm/min for TriSCAN250)</LI><LI>RS232 interface for computer control</LI><LI>Complies to BS 1377:1990</LI><LI>Microprocessor based design</LI><LI>Stepper motor control</LI><LI>75 X 125 mm LCD display with backlight</LI><LI>20 key touch membrane keypad</LI></uL>", "Trixial Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=1"],
		    [13, 1, "images/Triplex.jpg", "Triplex", "The TriPLEX is a low cost 50kN load frame specifically designed for the soil-testing laboratory. It is built to a very high standard and is extremely simple to use.", "Trixial Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=1"],
		    [14, 1, "images/DataAcquisition.jpg", "Data Acquisition And Software", "The MPX3000 range is the latest range of data loggers from InoPave, which represents the leading edge of electronics design and innovation.Ideally suited to Soil Mechanics Laboratories, these state of the art data loggers are simple to use and flexible in operation. Furthermore these systems can make a considerable improvement in laboratory productivity and cost effectiveness by automating test data collection. The laboratory technician can perform other duties whilst the test is being conducted...", "Trixial Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=1"], 
		    [15, 1, "images/AirWater.jpg", "Air/Water Distribution System", "The Pressure Panel is designed to provide regulated air pressure and water to the Triaxial Cells via the air water cylinders.The panel contains a standard test gauge and precision regulators together with valves to provide independent pressure setting on every outlet.", "Trixial Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=1"],
		    [16, 1, "images/Transducers.jpg", "Transducers And Accessories", "Inopave supply a range of analogue and digital transducers from some of the worlds leading manufacturers. All of which work seamlessly with the full complement of our data logging acquisition systems.", "Trixial Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=1"],
		    [17, 1, "images/TriaxialCells.jpg", "Trixial Cells And Accessories", "Inopave's range of Triaxial cells are precision made, specifically for soil testing labouratories supporting various sizes of test specimens. They are capable of withstanding confining pressures up to 1700kPa and are designed with specially coated material to minimise corrossion.", "Trixial Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=1"],
		    [18, 1, "images/Calibrator.jpg", "Calibration", "Inopave offers a rugged portable battery powered pressure calibrator, with a range of -1 to 20 bar gauge with an accuracy of ±0.075%.The clear LCD display allows readout of pressure, voltage and current parameters with the ability to show current or voltage simultaneously with pressure.", "Trixial Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=1"],
		    [19, 1, "images/unconfine.jpg", "Unconfined Compression", "The LoadTrac II load frame provides compression testing for a number of geotechnical tests that must have an accurate control of the rate of displacement during loading. With accessories, the same unit can be adapted to perform unconfined compression, CBR and triaxial shear phase testing.", "Trixial Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=1"],
		    [20, 1, "images/TrixialUUCUCD.jpg", "Triaxial UU, CU, CD", "The LoadTrac II with a manual pressure volume control panel for triaxial testing automates the shear phase of triaxial (CU, CD, and UU)  tests on soils and soft rocks.", "Trixial Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=1"],
		    [21, 2, "images/test.jpg", "Automated Dynamic Cyclic Triaxial System", "Current geotechnical modelling software uses finite-elements and finite-differences which require high quality parameters for use in advanced constitutive models. Designing foundations to take account of seismic activity requires dynamic parameters. The cyclic triaxial apparatus is a preferred device for research into dynamic soil behaviour because of its simplicity and its ability to model field effects at representative frequencies. The dynamic cyclic capability allows investigation of stiffness, damping ratio and liquefaction. In addition, the system also allows the complete set of standard and advanced triaxial tests to be carried out on the same test specimen.", "Advanced Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=2"],
		    [22, 2, "images/FullyAutomated.jpg", "Fully Automated Stress Path System", "A stress path shows the states of stress of an element of soil throughout its loading history, which is important to assess the behaviour of the soil in-situ. The Inopave hydraulically operated Stress Path System is based around our Bishop and Wesley Cell.The cell is linked to a computer through three Automatic Hydraulic Pressure Controllers (APCs).This fully automated system also uses a Inopave MPX3000 data logger, water distribution panel and a computer, plus size specific sample accessories for use within the cell. The computer controlled APCs provide the following: Axial stress and axial displacement control, Cell pressure control ,Back pressure control and volume change measurement Tests can be carried out either at a controlled rate of strain or a controlled rate of stress application.", "Advanced Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=2"],
		    [23, 2, "images/Bishop.jpg", "Bishop And Wesley Cell", "Inopave's Bishop and Wesley Stress Path Cell is based on the design of Bishop and Wesley's hydraulic triaxial apparatus for controlled stress path testing, developed at Imperial College London. The cell has a large capacity chamber to allow instrumentation to be attached to the sample. Axial force is exerted on the sample by a piston fixed to the base pedestal, which moves up and down vertically.The piston is driven by pressurised de-aired water which is controlled by a Inopave Automatic Hydraulic Pressure Controller (APC). Cell and back pressure are also controlled by APCs.", "Advanced Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=2"],
		    [24, 2, "images/Unsaturated.jpg", "Unsaturated Soil Test", "It is important to understand the mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils, as they occur extensively in compacted fills and also in natural soils above the water table. Unsaturated soil has a negative pore water pressure.The ingress of water into an unsaturated soil will affect the pore water pressure and therefore soil suction. Changes in suction can result in collapses, landslides and also swelling. However, the measurement of volume change of unsaturated soil is not straightforward. Internal strain gauges for measuring sample volume change are only suitable at “small strain” deformation. Sample volume change can be measured by measuring air volume change and water volume change independently. However, this has proven unreliable as air is compressible and it diffuses through the rubber membrane.", "Advanced Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=2"],
		    [25, 2, "images/DSS.jpg", "Direct Simple Shear", "The ShearTrac-II-DSS system is capable of performing the consolidation and shearing phases of Direct Simple Shear and Residual Direct Simple Shear tests. It is totally automated, computer controlled, with data collection and editing reporting of test results.", "Advanced Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=2"], 
		    [26, 2, "images/TriaxialStressPath.jpg", "Triaxial Stress Path", "The LoadTrac-II/FlowTrac-II System for triaxial (CU, CD, and UU) and stress path testing fully automates the conduct of triaxial stress path tests on soils, and soft rocks. This system operates by software which automates the initialization, saturation, consolidation (isotropic, anisotropic, and Ko) and shear phase along any stress path (drained, undrained, or mixed) of a test. Consolidation and shear phases contain up to 32 steps. This system allows specifications of all steps required to perform a triaxial stress path test along any stress path test possible in a triaxial cell, including the ability to specify changes in pore pressure.", "Advanced Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=2"],
		    [27, 2, "images/CRCS.jpg", "Constant Rate of Consolidation", "The LoadTrac II/FlowTrac-II system for constant rate of consolidation fully automates the performance of the entire constant rate of strain consolidation tests. The program monitor the ratio of excess pore water to the effective vertical stress and adjust the  strain rate accordingly to stay within the prescribed lower and upper ratios.", "Advanced Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=2"], 
		    [28, 2, "images/rowe.jpg", "Rowe Consolidation", "The FlowTrac II system for both incremental consolidation and constant rate of consolidation testing using the Rowe-type consolidation cell automates the entire consolidation test.", "Advanced Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=2"],
		    [29, 2, "images/IncrementalSwell.jpg", "Incremental Swell with Pore Pressure Measurements" ,"The LoadTrac-II system for incremental consolidation and swell testing fully automates the entire test. Constant load and constant volume swell tests can be run automatically with pore pressure measurements.", "Advanced Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=2"], 
		    [30, 2, "images/CyclicTriaxial.jpg", "Cyclic Triaxial", "The LoadTrac II/FlowTrac-II cyclic automated test unit completely automates cyclic triaxial testing of soils. The system incorporates all the features of the stress path system with a hydraulic servo control actuator for cyclic loading with update rates of 500 times a second, and frequencies up to 10 Hz. ", "Advanced Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=2"],
		    [31, 2, "images/ResilientModulus.jpg", "Resilient Modulus", "Geocomp's LoadTrac-II Resilient Modulus unit is a fully automated   system that runs Resilient Modulus tests on base/subbase/subgrade materials by AASHTO T-294/T-307 and SHRP Protocol P46. It generates a complete final test report with graphs and table values as well as constitutive realtionships based on publication No. FHWA-RD-97-083.  ", "Advanced Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=2"], 
		    [32, 2, "images/CyclicStress.jpg", "Cyclic Stress Path", "The LoadTrac-II/FlowTrac-II fully automated test unit completely automates any cyclic stress path testing of soils whereby the cyclic load can be applied vertically, horizontally, or combined under undrained or drained conditions up to 5-10 Hz independently and up to 2 Hz combined.", "Advanced Testing", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=2"],	    
		    [33, 3, "images/RingShear.jpg", "Ring Shear", "The Inopave RingSHEAR is a torsional shear device, which produces accurate and repeatable test results to determine the residual shear strength of cohesive soils, which is particularly important when assessing slope stability. The RingSHEAR features a digital display and control panel and can be computer controlled through the RS232 port. It is supplied on a floor mounted frame for stability.A consolidation load is applied to the annular ring sample through a lever arm. Rotational shear displacement is applied to the sample by a microprocessor controlled stepper motor, through a fixed ratio gearbox, and measured by a pair of load rings.", "Shear", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=3"],
		    [34, 3, "images/ShearScan.jpg", "Shear Scan", "The Inopave ShearSCAN utilises the pneumatic loading concept for applying the vertical load to the sample.The self-contained tabletop model eliminates the need for numerous weights used in dead weight systems.The Microprocessor based ShearSCAN 10 system incorporates a stepper motor drive, a large graphical display, a touch sensitive keypad and forward/reverse travel limit switches. Built in data acquisition automates the testing by setting the starting and stopping conditions. The ShearSCAN is designed for harsh lab environments. A solid 30mm thick shear box assembly is mounted on a sturdy enamel painted steel cabinet. The upright rods and the shear box are stainless steel. The shear box carriage (water chamber) is cast aluminium, anodised for corrosion resistance.", "Shear", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=3"],
		    [35, 3, "images/ShearPlex.jpg", "Shear Plex", "The Inopave ShearPLEX is a microprocessor controlled apparatus which shears a sample under applied normal load along a predefined plane until it is stressed to failure.The apparatus is supplied complete with a lever loading device, hanger and shearbox carriage all mounted on a floor standing frame.", "Shear", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=3"],
		    [36, 3, "images/Interface.jpg", "Interface Shear", "The large ShearTracII system is capable of performing the consolidation and shearing phase of a 305mm x 305mm ( 12 in.x12in.) direct shear test under automatic control for soils and geosynthetics (geomembranes, geotextile, GCL, geogrid, etc.) as well as determining the interface frictional properties of soil and geosynthetics, and internal friction of GCLs.", "Shear", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=3"],
		    [37, 3, "images/DirectAndResidual.jpg", "Direct and Residual Shear", "The ShearTrac II system is capable of performing consolidation and shearing phase of a standard direct shear and residual shear test under full automatic control.", "Shear", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=3"],
		    [38, 3, "images/geovaneSoilTester.jpg", "Geovane Soil Shear Strength Tester", "<span class='normaltext'>A 19mm vane blade is screwed in to the base of the Geovane and the vane is pushed into the soil.<P>Simply rotate the Geovane at a rate of 1 revolution per minute and take a reading off the face when the soil fails.<P>A pointer stays in place when failure occurs so all you have to do is look up the reading from the face on the supplied calibration chart to get your reading in kPa.<P>The Geovane is a handheld, portable and easily used piece of field equipment that will enable geotechnical engineers and field staff to provide accurate and meaningful results of shear strength in the pressure units of kilopascal (kPa).<P>If used correctly the Geovane will also measure residual shear strength of cohesive soils (ie clays and silts).</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><br><div align=center><img src='images/Geovane1.jpg'></div><br><span class='normaltext'>Handheld, portable, easy to use field equipment by Geotechnics.<P>A 19mm vane blade is screwed in to the base of the Geovane and the vane is pushed into the soil. Simply rotate the Geovane at a rate of 1 revolution per minute and take a reading off the face when the soil fails. A pointer stays in place when failure occurs so all you have to do is look up the reading from the face on the supplied calibration chart to get your reading in kPa.<P>The Geovane is 100% New Zealand made from polished billet aluminum and other top quality materials which is not only good for the local economy but also maintains lower prices for every one. For years we have been at the mercy of exchange rates when importing instruments similar to the Geovane. Over the past two years the drop in exchange rates have made similar devices more and more expensive. Geotechnics are however still able to offer these other imported options.<P>The Geovane should be serviced and calibrated annually. Your local agent is able to offer a full service and calibration facility.<P>The Geovane is available as just a torque head or as a complete kit with 19mm vane blade, spanners and a heavy duty, long lasting canvas carry bag. We also offer 1m extensions and adapters as well as full service and calibration facilities.</SPAN><P>", "Shear", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=3"], 
		    [39, 4, "images/Manual_Consolidation.jpg", "Oedometer – Manual Consolidation", "The Inopave Oedometer loads the specimen via a yoke assembly and one of three alternative beam ratios.The beam is fitted with a counterbalance weight and beam support jack.The cell platform is fitted with a central spigot, which locates the cell under the loading yoke, producing accurate results.", "Consolidation", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=4"],
		    [40, 4, "images/ICAndSwellTesting.jpg", "Incremental Consolidation and Swell Testing", "The LoadTrac II system for incremental consolidation and swell testing fully automates the entire test. Constant load and constant volume swell tests can be run automatically. Vertical loads are applied or removed using a highly accurate micro-stepper motor. This system is capable of applying up to 32 loadings/unloadings (load Increments). New increment is started automatically  based on any user defined criteria of max. time, min. time, end of primary consolidation (T100), or end of primary consolidation plus a used defined  secondary consolidation elapsed time (T 100 + offset)", "Consolidation", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=4"],
		    [41, 4, "images/Automatic_Consolidation.jpg", "ACONS - Automatic Consolidation", "Inopave take pride in simplifying procedures for all modern day laboratories, saving our clients time and money.The design and manufacture of our ACONS system achieves this once again. The Automatic CONsolidation System is simple and easy to use, specifically designed to carry out the Oedometer test to BS1377:1990.", "Consolidation", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=4"],
		    [42, 5, "images/Permeability.jpg", "Permeability Systems", "The permeability characteristics of soil are required for construction projects where drainage is an important feature. Permeability testing is carried out when designing suitable land-fill sites, investigating contaminated land, designing earth dams and sheet-pile walls or feasibility studies for groundwater lowering (flooding). Inopave manufactures permeability cells for toxic or non-toxic samples up to 100mm diameter. However, non-toxic samples can also be tested using a Inopave 100mm triaxial cell.Inopave offers three different Permeability Systems as follows: Fully automatic, Automatic data logging with manually controlled pressure system, Manually logged and controlled system", "Permeability", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=5"],
		    [43, 5, "images/FullyAutomatedPermeability.jpg", "Fully Automated Permeability", "The LoadTrac-II and three FlowTrac II flow pumps (top/bottom/cell pressure volume controls) system provides a unique and versatile way to run flexible wall permeability tests on a wide variety of materials quickly and accurately. This system operates by software that automates the initialization, saturation, consolidation (isotropic, anisotropic, and Ko) and flow phase by adjusting the gradient or the flow rate across the sample. The system can measure permeabilities varying from 10-4 cm/sec to 10-9 cm/sec.  With the appropriate test cells, this one system can determine the permeability of silts, and clays within minutes.", "Permeability", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=5"],
		    [44, 5, "images/SemiAutomatedPermeability.jpg", "Semi-automated Permeabilty", "The two FlowTrac II flow pumps system provides a unique and versatile way to run flexible wall permeability tests on a wide variety of materials quickly and accurately.  By adjusting the gradient or the flow rate across the sample, the system can measure permeabilities varying from 10-4 cm/sec to 10-9 cm/sec.  With the appropriate test cells, this one system can determine the permeability of silts, and clays within minutes. This system requires an external source of pressure during the flow phase to maintain the cell pressure constant.", "Permeability", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=5"],
		    [45, 6, "images/CBR.jpg", "California Bearing Ratio", "The TriPLEX machine is a stepper motor-controlled digital 50kN machine specifically designed for laboratory CBR testing.The electronics design is microprocessor based, which provides accurate speed control and an easy to use user interface.Two fixed CBR speeds are provided, 1.2mm/min for BS and 1.27mm/min for ASTM tests.The machine has a rapid platen adjustment speed of 50mm/min.", "Compaction and CBR", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=6"],
		    [46, 6, "images/ImpactTesters.jpg", "Impact Testers", "<span class='normaltext'>Typical values may be around 30 – 50 IV for sub base materials, and up to 70 or more for base-course layers on highways.<P>As with the Clegg, exceeding the scale of 100 IV is not advised as this may damage the internal instrumentation.<P>The new 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) impact tester from Geotechnics has been designed to mirror the effectiveness and relevance of more common brand impact testers such as Clegg.<P>This means that unlike cut-rate imitation testers that come from Europe , the Geotechnics Impact Tester can be used under existing standards and regulations. The Geotechnics and Clegg Impact Testers both comply to ASTM D-5874-95.<P>The Geotechnics Impact Tester can infer a CBR value (%) by using a simple formula. From a design perspective this can prove to be useful in setting targets for contractors to achieve.<P>Clegg Impact Values are now common place around the world in compaction specifications.</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The Geotechnics Impact Tester has an added feature to Clegg of a drop height indicator. This feature guarantees that the drop height is always 450mm.<P>The device is brightly coloured for visibility onsite, and the display is easy to read when operating. A strong lightweight transit case is also included to ensure that any transportation will not damage the device.<P>As with the Clegg Impact Tester, the Geotechnics Impact Tester is supplied with a year long calibration. In addition to this calibration a 'test ring' is included for daily operational checks.</SPAN><P>", "Compaction and CBR", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=6"],
		    [47, 6, "images/Compactors.jpg", "Compactors", "Inopave's Automatic Compactor conforms to either BS or ASTM standards, depending on the model selected.The unit is designed to compact specimens automatically to save time and cost in the laboratory.The blow pattern is pre-set to ensure optimum compaction of the sample.The number of blows can be set at the beginning of the test and the counter will automatically re-set when complete. Rammer weights and drops are adjustable as per the specification table below.", "Compaction and CBR", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=6"],
		    [48, 6, "images/CalifoniaBearingRatio.jpg", "California Bearing Ratio", "The LoadTrac II load frame provides compression/extension testing for a number of geotechnical tests that must have accurate control of the rate of displacement during loading. With accessories, the unit can perform CBR, Unconfined Compression and Triaxial shear phase testing.", "Compaction and CBR", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=6"],
		    [49, 6, "images/PlateBearingTestSet.jpg", "Plate Bearing Test Set", "Plate Bearing Test Set<BR>DIN 18134 for the determination of bearing capacity of the soil in situ. Complete with bearing plate, hydraulic pressure system and reaction beam.<BR>Versions acc. other standards such as SN etc. available on request.<P>In-situ Datalogger<BR>for plate bearing test with Windows software. The industrial PC, mounted in a stable portable aluminium box including keyboard, monitor and batteries for at least 6 h operation ensures the use on site. The software provides for operation with on-line graphic, for evaluation and storage of tests.", "Compaction and CBR", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=6"],		   
		    [50, 7, "images/LiquidLimit.jpg", "Liquid Limit Testing", "The cone penetration test is based on the relationship between moisture content and the penetration of the cone into the soil sample under controlled conditions.The Inopave Cone Penetrometer has an aluminium base and a 25 x 0.01mm dial guage. It is supplied with a test cone and cup. A semi-automatic version is available where a five second controller releases the plunger head.The manual version can be easily upgraded to semi-automatic by purchasing a timer unit from Inopave.", "Classification", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=7"],
		    [51, 7, "images/SieveShakers.jpg", "Sieve Shakers", "Inopave offers a range of high quality sieve shakers to provide optimum sieving action to the sieves to give rapid accurate results. Samples are vibrated vertically and rotated over the full surface of the sieve where they are presented to the maximum number of apertures in the minimum time.", "Classification", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=7"],
		    [52, 7, "images/Ovens.jpg", "Ovens", "All ovens can be supplied with a traceable calibration certificate. Please contact Inopave for details.The Inopave range of soils drying ovens is designed for drying large quantities of soils and aggregate samples.These ovens maintain temperature in accordance with most BS and ASTM requirements. The 225 and 425 Litre ovens are fitted with a thermostatic control and meet the requirements of BS 1377.They are ideal for on-site laboratories and general soils and aggregate testing.The 750 Litre soils drying oven has a microprocessor digital control. All sizes have a corrosion resistant aluminium coated mild steel chamber.", "Classification", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=7"],
		    [53, 7, "images/TestSieve.jpg", "Test Sieve", "<UL><LI>All 200mm and 300mm woven wire mesh sieves have stainless steel frames and mesh as standard. 200mm and 300mm perforated plate sieves have stainless steel frames. 450mm perforated plate sieves have plated steel frames. From 100mm to 400mm & 8 inch & 12 inch diameter, frames are all manufactured from stainless steel.</LI><LI>Many sizes of test sieve are available as half-height sieves, please refer to the applicable sieve selector for a full list</LI><LI>Wet Washing Sieves are available to European and American Standards.</LI><LI>Lids, Receivers & Receiver/Separators are available for all sieve sizes</LI></UL>", "Classification", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=7"],
		    [54, 8, "images/Analytical Balances.jpg", "Analytical Balances", "<UL><LI>Large LCD display</LI><LI>Large weighing pan and chamber with 3 door windshi</LI><LI>Bi-directional RS-232 interface</LI><LI>Automatic temperature compensation</LI><LI>Below pan weighing facility</LI><LI>Push button calibration</LI><LI>7 selectable weighing units</LI><LI>Motorised internal or external calibration</LI><LI>Powered by 10V AC adaptor</LI>/<UL> ", "Sampling And Preparation", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=8"],
		    [55, 8, "images/PrecisionBalance.jpg", "Precision Top Loading Balances", "<UL><LI>Large LCD display</LI><LI>Sealed keypad</LI><LI>Dual tare keys</LI><LI>Automatic temperature compensation</LI><LI>GLP compliant software package for calibration pri</LI><LI>Digital filters and suppression of the last digit</LI><LI>Functions include parts counting and percentage we</LI><LI>Push-button calibration</LI><LI>Bi-directional RS-232 interface for GLP compliant</LI><LI>Below pan weighing facility</LI><LI>All models with 1mg readability include a square g</lI><LI>External calibration</lI><LI>Powered by external AC adaptor</LI></UL>", "Sampling And Preparation", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=8"],
		    [56, 8, "images/ElectronicFloorScale.jpg", "Electronic Floor Scales", "<UL><LI>3 backlit LCD displays with 20mm digits</LI><LI>Memory accumulation of count</LI><LI>Internal rechargeable battery with up to 70 hours</LI><LI>Tare function</LI><LI>Large stainless steel platform</LI><LI>Powered by 9V DC external adaptor</LI></UL>", "Sampling And Preparation", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=8"],
		    [57, 8, "images/SampleTrimmer.jpg", "Sample Trimmer", "The Inopave specimen trimmer is designed to be easy to operate; to accurately trim soil samples for triaxial, shear, unconfined compression, and other tests requiring standard cylindrical specimens.The frame is of a sturdy 3 column design and has an adjustable trimming guide to ensure precision.The upper platen is adjustable to accommodate different sample sizes (up to 225mm high) and both upper and lower platens have grips to keep the sample securely in place whilst trimming", "Sampling And Preparation", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=8"],
		    [58, 8, "images/HandAugers.jpg", "Hand Augers", "These augers are suitable for hand-boring in cohesive soils or sands and gravels, above the water table to a depth of 5 or 6 metres. The Soil Auger Heads are constructed of heavy duty steel plates forming an open tube partly interlocking at the cutting end.They are available in two diameters, 100mm or 150mm. The Gravel Auger Head comprises a one piece steel casting with a spiral point and two clap plates designed to close when lifting samples from the borehole.The diameter is 150mm. The auger head is connected to 1 metre long steel tubing Extension Rods. A Handle with T-piece is attached to the uppermost extension rod.", "Sampling And Preparation", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=8"],
		    [59, 8, "images/U100SamplingSystems.jpg", "U100 Sampling Systems", "This equipment is designed for obtaining undisturbed samples in most soils and some weak rocks such as Chalk and Marl.The sampler produces a nominal 100mm diameter soil core, approximately 450mm long. The sample tube with attached cutting shoe is driven into the ground by means of a Sliding Hammer. A Drive Head fits between the Sliding Hammer and the Sample Tube and contains an overdrive space and a ball valve.The ball valve allows air to be released as the tube is driven into the ground.", "Sampling And Preparation", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=8"],
		    [60, 8, "images/MechanicalBeamBalances.jpg", "Mechanical Beam Balances", "<UL><LI>High precision with magnetic damping for faster st</LI><LI>Zero adjust facility to enable zero reading</LI><LI>Notched and tiered graduated beams with centre rea</LI><LI>Stainless steel weighing pan</LI><LI>Built-in platform for density determination</LI></UL>", "Sampling And Preparation", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=8"],
 		    [61, 8, "images/U38Sampler.jpg", "U38 Sampler", "The U38 Sampler is designed for taking 38mm diameter undisturbed samples by hand in cohesive soils free of gravel or granular material.These samplers are often used in hand auger holes or trial pits.The apparatus consists of open-ended steel Sample Tubes with a chamfered cutting edge.A special Head Adaptor is required to connect the sample tubes to Extension Rods. Each sample tube is provided with push-on plastic end caps. In soft soils, the sampler is simply pressed into the soil. In harder soils, the sample tube can be driven into the ground using a SPT Trip Hammer.", "Sampling And Preparation", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=8"],
		    [62, 8, "images/PrecisionMoistureBalances.jpg", "Precision Moisture Balances", "<UL><LI>Large LED displays show percentage moisture or per</LI><LI>2 quartz halogen heaters provide constant and even</lI><LI>7 preset drying modes</LI><LI>Temperature range 50°C to 160°C</LI><LI>Maintenance of the pre-selected temperature to wit</LI><LI>Analysis automatically terminates when drying is c</LI><LI>Bi-directional RS-232 interface</LI><LI>Memory stores last drying procedure</LI><LI>Memory for temperature correction for 9 types of s</LI><LI>Calibration facilities for temperature and weight</lI><LI>200W heaters, 230V or 115V AC supply</LI></UL>", "Sampling And Preparation", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=8"],
		    [63, 8, "images/Window Sampler.jpg", "Window Sampler", "The Window Sampler uses a method known as Percussion Coring to drive sample tubes into the ground up to a depth of 10m. The sample tubes are driven using a hydraulic breaker. A hydraulic ram is then used to extract the sample for analysis.<P>The term Window Sampler refers to an open section of the coring tube. This feature allows the user to view the sample in an undisturbed condition. This allows for the preservation of bedding contacts and unconformities, slip surfaces, and laminations, which can be important considerations when performing a geotechnical investigation.<P>Our top package is a combination of Nordmeyer percussion components and locally sourced hydraulic rams and breakers. We also offer an entry level package based on manually operated equipment, but we can quote kit sets on any combinations based on your needs.", "Sampling And Preparation", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=8"],
                    [64, 9, "images/HoekCells.jpg", "Hoek Cells", "The laboratory core drill is supplied as a complete unit, ready for operation. It consists of a steel support frame with a rubber lined base tank and floor fixings.The tank has a water drain and a removable transparent front panel which allows the operator to see the cutting action whilst being protected from the rotating core bit and any water spray.A universal clamp is attached to the base, which firmly holds any shape of rock sample at any required plane during the coring process.", "Rock", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=9"],   
		    [65, 9, "images/PointLoadTesters.jpg", "Point Load Testers", "The point load test is an indirect tensile test used to determine the strength values of a rock specimen.Inopave manufactures two point load testers, an analogue version which can be used either in the field or the laboratory and a digital version. The basic unit consists of a two column, fixed head load frame, which accepts samples of up to 100mm and a hydraulic hand pump to apply the load.The sample is held between two conical points and a scale indicates the distance between the points.The applied load is displayed either on gauges or a four digit LCD display.", "Rock", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=9"],
		    [66, 9, "images/LaboCoreDrill.jpg", "Laboratory Core Drill", "The laboratory core drill is supplied as a complete unit, ready for operation. It consists of a steel support frame with a rubber lined base tank and floor fixings.The tank has a water drain and a removable transparent front panel which allows the operator to see the cutting action whilst being protected from the rotating core bit and any water spray.A universal clamp is attached to the base, which firmly holds any shape of rock sample at any required plane during the coring process.", "Rock", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=9"],
		    [67, 9, "images/MasonrySaw.jpg", "Rock and Masonry Saws", "These rigidly mounted saws listed below can cut rock and concrete samples, depending on the type of cutting blade used. Both saws are supplied complete with their own bench.The 500mm cut saw can also cut asphalt samples, with the correct blade. See accessories for details of diamond cutting blades.", "Rock", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=9"],
		    [68, 9, "images/CustomimzedSystemRock.jpg", "Customized Systems - Rock", "Geocomp LoadTrac-II-50K  has a capacity of 222 kN (50,000 lbf.)  was designed to test rock to determine the compressive strength, Young’s modulus and poison’s ratio without the use of the time consuming and cumbersome strain gages. The rock-testing fixture uses two vertical, and two horizontal LVDT’s with a range of ± 5.0 mm (± 0.2 in.), and a swivel head. This solution allowed the customer to run a high volume of tests in a relatively short time.", "Rock", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=9"],
		    [69, 10, "images/SM4300.jpg", "4300 Soil Moisture Gauge", "Using the Model 4301/02 is simple. Access tubes are placed where moisture needs to be monitored and the probe is lowered into the tube. Neutrons emitted by the probe enter the soil and are thermalized by the hydrogen present in water. These thermalized neutrons enter the helium-3 detector and are registered as a count. Then using a calibration the detected counts are converted into the precise soil moisture readings you require.", "Soil Moisture Probe", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=10"],
		    [70, 10, "images/SMSentry200CP.jpg", "Sentry 200-CP Moisture Probe", "Troxler's CP Moisture System allows you to precisely control your sand and aggregate mix proportions by accurately measuring moisture levels in your sand and aggregate bins. The CP system takes the guesswork out of your mix control with precise moisture content readings.", "Soil Moisture Probe", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=10"],
		    [71, 10, "images/SMSentry200AP.jpg", "Sentry 200-AP Moisture Probe", "Sentry 200-AP Moisture Probe", "Soil Moisture Probe", "lab_soil_list.asp?ProductID=10"],
		    [72, 11, "images/Autocube.jpg", "AutoCUBE", "Inopave is proud to offer a fully automated cube testing system that complies with BS 1881 and EN 12390. The AutoCUBE system measures and weighs the cube, locates it between the testing platens, applies the load until failure occurs, records all test data and even disposes of the debris before the next cube follows the same fully automated process.", "Compression And Flexural Testing", "lab_Concrete_list.asp?ProductID=11"],
		    [73, 11, "images/DigitalConcrete.jpg", "Digital Concrete Compression Machines", "Inopave compression machines are manufactured to strict quality control systems and standards to ensure compliance with both BS and ASTM standards. All frames are of heavy duty welded steel construction and supplied as standard with a rapid approach pump and set of distance pieces for testing up to 150mm cubes.The machine, together with the digital readout unit is works calibrated and supplied with certificates. The integral load pacer, together with a large LCD error band display, enables the operator to maintain accurate pace control. Analogue machines with gauge readouts are available on request. Please contact Inopave with your requirements.", "Compression And Flexural Testing", "lab_Concrete_list.asp?ProductID=11"],
		    [74, 11, "images/DHR200Digital.jpg", "DHR2000 Digital Readout and Control Unit", "The DHR2000 is specifically designed to control concrete compression machines and flexural frames and to provide display of load and pace rate.The unit incorporates a 16 key membrane keypad and a large LCD graphics display to facilitate data entry.The DHR2000 provides a pace rate display which monitors the loading rate whilst the specimen is under manual load control. Up to 150 test results can be stored and an RS232 interface is included for connection to a computer or printer. Stable, accurate 350 and 700 bar capacity pressure transducers are available to achieve the relevant BS and ASTM standards.These can be easily calibrated using the DHR2000 keypad and display.", "Compression And Flexural Testing", "lab_Concrete_list.asp?ProductID=11"],
		    [75, 11, "images/Concrete Impermeability Tester.jpg", "Concrete Impermeability Tester", "Measuring range 0.5 to 10 bar with 3 upper and lower rust protected test places with 100 mm dia. test area. The upper and lower places are operated by one pressure governor with manometer.<BR>Also available with additional volume measuring system.", "Compression And Flexural Testing", "lab_Concrete_list.asp?ProductID=11"],
		    [76, 11, "images/Bending Test Frame.jpg", "Bending Test Frame", "DIN 1164 - EN 196 - ISO 679 - ASTM C 349 to be used in a compression test machine for prism 40x40x160 mm. Supplied with hydraulic load measuring system with manometer, range 10 kN. Pressure edges 50 mm length, 10 mm dia.", "Compression And Flexural Testing", "lab_Concrete_list.asp?ProductID=11"],
		    [77, 12, "images/AirEntrainment.jpg", "Air Entrainment Meters", "There are several factors that affect the strength, durability and longevity of concrete.The amount of entrained air within the concrete mix is one of the major factors. Too much air within the hardened concrete results in lack of binding between cement particles and thus creates weak concrete.Too little air causes the expansion of freezing water to break and degrade the concrete. In either case, the concrete section must be replaced before reaching its normal life expectancy. Inopave offers both Type A and Type B Air Entrainment Meters.", "Fresh Concrete", "lab_Concrete_list.asp?ProductID=12"],
		    [78, 12, "images/Moulds.jpg", "Moulds", "Moulds are required in standard sizes for compression and flexural testing of samples. All moulds offered conform to the relevant standards which specify strict tolerances and a high quality internal finish.", "Fresh Concrete", "lab_Concrete_list.asp?ProductID=12"],
		    [79, 12, "images/PanMixers.jpg", "Pan Mixers", "Our pan mixers are available in two sizes; 14 or 56 litre capacity.The 14 litre mixer may be bench or stand mounted.The 56 litre model has two different pan options; either a removable pan or a tipping pan. A trolley is available for use with the removable pan. All models are designed both for use in the laboratory or outside and are suitable for a wide range of materials from dry, semi-dry to viscous.", "Fresh Concrete", "lab_Concrete_list.asp?ProductID=12"],
		    [80, 12, "images/RAMoven.jpg", "RAMoven", "More emphasis is being placed on specifying and controlling the water content of a concrete mix, because of its influence on the strength and durability of the finished product.The RAMoven provides a direct, rapid and accurate method of measuring the water content of fresh concrete samples. The oven itself is a powerful commercial microwave oven operating on a 220/240V power supply.The water content of the concrete is found by drying a sample of approximately 2.5kg until no further loss of weight is observed (typical drying time 15 minutes).The method has been shown to be very accurate over a wide range of concrete types and conditions. Conventional drying ovens or domestic microwave ovens of lower power are not suitable since some water becomes chemically bound in the cement hydration process during their much longer drying times.The RAMoven is supplied with oven trays, glass-cloth wrappers (to prevent sample spitting), oven gloves and a full instruction manual. An electronic balance of 5kg capacity with a sensitivity of 0.1g is also required. The RAMoven can be used in conjunction with the Rapid Analysis Machine (RAM) to determine the flyash, blast furnace slag or water content of a fresh concrete mix.", "Fresh Concrete", "lab_Concrete_list.asp?ProductID=12"],
		    [81, 12, "images/RapidAnalysis.jpg", "Rapid Analysis Machine", "The first Rapid Analysis Machine (RAM) was designed and built by the Cement & Concrete Association in the early 1970s. Since that time it has been used on hundreds of sites and has proved to be a quick and accurate method of testing the cement content of fresh concrete. Its use is covered by Testing concrete – BS 1881 : part 128 : 1997. Water is pumped through an 8kg concrete sample at a carefully controlled rate to wash the cement-sized particles out of the concrete. 10% of the resulting slurry passes through a 150µm vibrating sieve into a steel conditioning vessel. Chemical agents are added to this slurry to make the cement particles cling together and sink quickly to the bottom of the constant volume vessel. After all the cement particles have settled, the excess water is siphoned off and a buzzer sounds to signal the end of the cycle. At the end of the test cycle, the constant volume vessel is removed and weighed.The cement content of the original concrete sample is determined from a calibration graph. A solid-state sequence timer automatically controls the RAM operating cycle and the total time from loading the RAM to obtaining the cement content is less than 10 minutes.", "Fresh Concrete", "lab_Concrete_list.asp?ProductID=12"],
		    [82, 12, "images/Vibration.jpg", "Vibration Table", "Table dimension 310x310 mm with electric motor 3000 rpm. with counterweight. 230 V, 50 Hz, IP 54, weight 18 kg.", "Fresh Concrete", "lab_Concrete_list.asp?ProductID=12"],
		    [83, 13, "images/ChaplinAbrasion.jpg", "Chaplin Abrasion Tester", "The Chaplin Abrasion Tester gives a guide to the abrasion resistance of concrete floors. It can also be used to test the effectiveness of surface treatments used to protect or up-grade sub-standard floors. The abrasion tester consists of three 75mm diameter hardened steel wheels mounted tangentially on a circular steel carrier plate.The wheels are fitted such that they are free to rotate but not castor.The carrier plate is connected to a single-phase electric motor, which runs at approximately 190rpm, mounted in a steel frame.", "Hardened Concrete", "lab_Concrete_list.asp?ProductID=13"],
		    [84, 13, "images/ConcreteCore.jpg", "Concrete Core Sample Grinder", "Using the Concrete Core Sample Grinder, cores that have been cut out from mass concrete can be ground back in successive layers, the grinding dust being collected for subsequent chemical analysis. The machine consists of a radial arm grinding head, which pivots about a horizontal axis, mounted on a solid steel support frame.The grinding head is fitted with a 110mm diameter diamond impregnated cutting wheel, which rotates about a horizontal axis. A hand operated counter balanced lever moves the grinding head easily downward in a vertical plane.", "Hardened Concrete", "lab_Concrete_list.asp?ProductID=13"],
		    [85, 13, "images/CuringTanks.jpg", "Curing Tanks", "When concrete is cast, heat liberated by the hydrating cement causes a rise in concrete temperature.The larger the mass of concrete, the greater will be the rise in temperature, with a consequent increase in the rate of strength development. Cubes stored alongside the mass concrete will also exhibit a rise in temperature, but to a much lesser degree. Hence, at any time during the early age of the concrete, the strength developed by the test cube will be less than that developed by the mass concrete, and so will provide an underestimation of the latter's strength. The Temperature Matched Curing Tank ensures that the temperature experienced by the reference cubes matches that of the structure, and so the strength developed by the cubes will increase at the same rate as that of the mass concrete. Use of the equipment will result in cost savings as the more accurate estimation of strength development will allow earlier striking times on formwork or an earlier start to pre-stressing.This method of matched curing is covered by BS1881: Part 130.", "Hardened Concrete", "lab_Concrete_list.asp?ProductID=13"],
		    [86, 13, "images/PortableCore.jpg", "Portable Core Drills", "One method of determining the properties of the concrete in a structure is to remove test cores using a suitable drill and diamond core barrel.These cores are then tested for mechanical strength or for chemical composition.", "Hardened Concrete", "lab_Concrete_list.asp?ProductID=13"],
		    [87, 14, "images/CoverAndCorrosion.jpg", "Cover and Corrosion", "In its simplest setting, the cover meter rapidly and accurately measures the depth of cover to reinforcement, with values displayed in large black characters on the LCD display. It is easy to use with menu driven screen prompts guide the user through the functions.", "Advance Testing under Structural/Bridge/Tunnel", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=14", "Advance Testing under Structural/Bridge/Tunnel"],
		    [88, 14, "images/Movement.jpg", "Movement", "The demountable mechanical strain gauge (DEMEC) was developed at the Cement and Concrete Association to enable strain measurements to be made at different parts of a structure using a single instrument. The DEMEC consists of a mechanical or a digital dial gauge attached to an Invar bar.A fixed conical point is mounted at one end of the bar, and a moving conical point is mounted on a knife-edge pivot at the opposite end.The dial gauge measures the pivoting movement of the second conical point. A setting out bar is used to position pre-drilled stainless steel discs which are attached to the structure using a suitable adhesive. Each time a reading has to be taken, the conical points of the gauge are inserted into the holes in the discs and the reading on the dial gauge noted. In this way, strain changes in the structure are converted into a change in the reading on the dial gauge.The gauge has been designed so that only minor temperature corrections are required for changes in ambient temperature, and an Invar reference bar is provided for this purpose.", "Advance Testing under Structural/Bridge/Tunnel", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=14", "Advance Testing under Structural/Bridge/Tunnel"],
		    [89, 14, "images/Permeability.jpg", "Permeability", "Designed by the BCA, this equipment measures air permeability and relative humidity of cover concrete on site.A blind hole drilled or formed in the concrete is sealed with a special plug, and the resulting cavity pressurised with air.The permeability of the concrete is calculated from the time taken for the pressure to drop. If the capillary pores are partially blocked with moisture, the permeability is reduced.Therefore the relative humidity of the cavity is also measured.<BR><BR>The TORRENT concrete permeability tester is designed for evaluating the durability of concrete structures, and especially that of high compressive strength concrete.<BR><BR>During testing, the measuring instrument and the upper concrete layer is placed under a vacuum cell. The pressure increase inside of the chamber cell (shown in blue on the probe diagram below) allowed by the permeability of the concrete is measured. An important characteristic is the outer chamber of the cell.  By providing protection from lateral air streams, it gives a high level of measuring accuracy.", "Advance Testing under Structural/Bridge/Tunnel", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=14", "Advance Testing under Structural/Bridge/Tunnel"],
		    [90, 14, "images/CoverMeter.jpg", "Scribe C3M Cover Meter", "The C3M cover meter is designed for extreme ease of operation for the measurement of the depth of cover to steel reinforcement in concrete.  Also incorporated are bar   detection and bar sizing facilities plus a range of invaluable functions for use in reinforced concrete condition surveys and check measurements.   All of the essential and useful functions rolled into one cover meter.  No gimmicks or window dressing.  In its simplest setting, the instrument rapidly and accurately measures the depth of cover to reinforcement with values displayed in large black characters with LCD screen prompts to guide you through the functions<BR><BR><B>Main features</B><BR><BR><ul><LI>Simple 4-button operation</LI><LI>Large graphic LCD -  Large black15mm x 8mm measurement characters</LI><LI>Menu driven operation with on-screen guidance</LI><LI>Automatic Zeroing</LI><li>Pulse induction technique for stability and performance</LI><LI>Embedded instrumentation computer</LI><LI>Single handed operation</LI><LI>Switchable loud audible signal</LI><LI>Headphone socket</LI><LI>Automatic sizing of single bars</LI><LI>Measuring range 8 mm up to 120 mm depth with single head (16mm dia. = >100mm depth)</LI><LI>Detects up to150mm (16mm dia. = 140mm)</LI><LI>Accuracy better than BS1881:204</LI><LI>Settable offset feature to allow for irregular /profiled surfaces</LI><LI>Settable ‘low cover’ audible alarm to enable rapid scanning</LI><LI>Protective nylon case with shoulder strap and holster for search head</LI><LI>Operates on four MN1500/LR6 batteries</LI><LI>Mini head available for location of bars at close centres</LI></UL>", "Advance Testing under Structural/Bridge/Tunnel", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=14", "Advance Testing under Structural/Bridge/Tunnel"],
		    [91, 14, "images/LoggingCoverMeter.gif", "Scribe CPM Logging Cover Meter", "The CPM is a unique cover meter with inclusive additional facility to measure half-cell potential measurements. Both characteristics are essential for conducting condition surveys of reinforced concrete structures.<BR><BR>In its simplest setting, the instrument rapidly and accurately measures the depth of cover to reinforcement with values displayed in large black characters on a LCD that can be back-lit in poor light conditions. For large scale and detailed investigations, other cover functions are incorporated in the programme that allow a comprehensive range of characteristics and logging of up to 30,000 measurements.<BR><BR>This instrument is simple to use with LCD screen prompts to guide you through the functions<BR><BR><B>Unique features</B><BR><BR><UL><LI>Dual capability – Cover Meter AND Digital Half-cell operating modes.</LI><LI>Dual LCD displays – Exclusive display for measurement results</LI><LI>Separate graphic display for set-up and viewing stored data.</LI><LI>Ultra large digit. Solid black 18mm x 10mm characters on measurement display.</LI><LI>Dual inputs and controls for left or right hand operation.</LI><LI>All logged results can be re-viewed in windows of 8 x 8 values on the graphic display.</LI></UL><BR><BR><B>Additional main features (cover role)</B><BR><BR><UL><LI>Automatic Zeroing</LI><LI>Pulse induction technique for stability and performance</LI><LI>Embedded instrumentation computer</LI><LI>Logging non-volatile capacity 30,000 results within thirty pages of 32 lines x 32 columns.</LI><LI>Logged data date and time stamped.</LI><LI>Results downloaded to PC or printer</LI><LI>Guidance provided for data presentation</LI><LI>Menu driven operation with on-screen guidance</LI><LI>Single handed operation</LI><LI>Switchable loud audible signal</LI><LI>Headphone socket</LI><LI>Automatic sizing of single bars</LI><LI>Settable ‘low cover’ audible alarm to enable rapid scanning</LI><LI>Standard head measures and detects up to 150mm</LI><LI>Accuracy better than BS1881:204</LI><LI>Optional deep seeking SX2 sensing head. Measures to over 250mm and detects to over 300mm subject to bar size.</LI><LI>Optional mini head available for locating bars at close centres</LI></UL>", "Advance Testing under Structural/Bridge/Tunnel", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=14", "Advance Testing under Structural/Bridge/Tunnel"],	
		    [92, 14, "images/HalfCellMeter.jpg", "Scribe Half-Cell Potential Meters", "Presence of Corrosion<BR>Corrosion of steel is an electrochemical process involving anodic (corroding) and cathodic (passive) areas of the metal. By measuring concrete - surface electrical potentials relative to a standard reference electrode on a predetermined grid, the presence and location of corrosion and its probable future performance may be assessed. Such diagnosis identifies areas where corrosion is present or about to proceed long before any physical damage is visible.<BR><BR>The technique may be used to identify areas of reinforced concrete in need of repair or protective treatment and, by regular measurements, monitor the behaviour of new and relatively new structures and thus minimise maintenance costs.<BR><BR><B>Instruments</B><BR><BR><UL><LI>Satisfies the requirements of BS 1881:Part 201 and ASTM C876</LI><LI>Silver/silver chloride probe – re-fillable</LI><LI>Measurements automatically converted and displayed as Cu/CuSO4 equivalent potentials</LI><LI>Rapid response and stabilisation</LI><LI>Extensible probe holder for remote surveying</LI><LI>Nylon carrying case</LI></UL>", "Advance Testing under Structural/Bridge/Tunnel", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=14", "Advance Testing under Structural/Bridge/Tunnel"],   
                    [93, 14, "images/ResistivityMeter.jpg", "Electrical Resistivity of Concrete", "Assesses the probable rate of corrosion in rebars.<BR><BR><B>Rate of Corrosion</B><BR>The time at which corrosion of steel may commence and the rate at which it may proceed is dependent upon properties of the cement paste and the permeability of the concrete. Since the electrical conductivity of concrete is an electrolytic process which takes place by ionic movement in the aqueous pore solution of the cement matrix, it follows that a highly permeable concrete will have a high conductivity and low electrical resistance. Thus knowledge of the electrical resistance of a concrete can provide a measure of the possible rate of corrosion of steel embedded in it.<BR><BR><B>DRAM: Digital Resistivity Array Meter</B><BR><BR><UL><LI>Hand held battery powered digital instrument</LI><LI>Compact, durable hand held probe unit (2 point array with 5 cm spacing)</LI><LI>Reads out directly in Kilo ohm centimetres</LI><LI>Low frequency alternating constant current technique</LI><LI>Thousands of measurement operations per battery</LI><LI>Low battery indication on LCD</LI><LI>Complete with drilling template and syringe for conductive paste</LI><LI>Contained in a compact, nylon carrying case</LI><LI>Rebar continuity check facility</LI><LI>Less than 2 minutes per test</LI></UL><BR><BR>The scribe digital resistivity array meter (dram) is a 2 probe array instrument which provides rapid measurements of concrete resistivity. The test is simple to perform and requires only two 6.5mm diameter holes drilled to a depth of 8mm using the template and drill bit provided.  Inject a small amount of conductive gel into each hole and insert the two probe array.  Upon pressing the action button on the instrument the resistivity is immediately dislayed.<BR><HR><BR><B>D-4PRA: Digital Four Probe Array Resistivity Meter</B><BR><BR><UL><LI>Hand-held battery powered digital instrument</LI><LI>Compact, durable hand-held probe unit (4 point Wenner array with 5 cm spacing)</LI><LI>Reads out directly in Kilo-ohm centimetres (K* cm)</LI><LI>Low frequency alternating constant current technique used</LI><LI>Thousands of measurement operations per battery</LI><LI>Low battery indication on LCD</LI><LI>Automatically recognises highly resistant surface conditions</LI><LI>Contained in a compact, nylon carrying case</LI><LI>Rebar continuity check facility</LI><LI>Less than 1 minute per test</LI></UL><BR><BR>The scribe four-probe array resistivity meter (D-4PRA) is a 4 probe array instrument that provides rapid measurement of concrete resistivity.  The set of four probes are fitted with superconductive foam tips to ensure full contact on irregular surfaces.  Upon pressing the action button on the instrument the resistivity is immediately displayed.", "Advance Testing under Structural/Bridge/Tunnel", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=14", "Advance Testing under Structural/Bridge/Tunnel"],
		    [94, 15 ,"images/BREScreed.jpg", "BRE Screed Tester", "Dense floor screeds, which on visual inspection appear to be sound, i.e. able to withstand imposed loads and traffic may be substandard. Specifications often state that the cement/sand screed should be semi-dry; a consistency which when manually compressed may result in the lower layers being insufficiently compacted.This may cause the screed to fail under the impact of heavy traffic or furniture movement. Subsequent remedial work on the screed is often costly and time consuming. The BRE Screed Tester is designed to measure screed soundness as early as 14 days after laying.The device consists of a 1metre long cylindrical guide rod, along which an annular weight of 4kg (or 2kg) travels when released. At the bottom of the guide rod the weight strikes the collar of a case-hardened steel anvil, which transmits the impact to the selected area of the screed.The indentation of the anvil into the screed, after four drops of the hammer, is measured with a purpose made electronic depth gauge. To simplify the task of recording the indentation depths, an electronic data recorder, which connects directly to the electronic depth gauge, is available.The data recorder is a single channel data processor which records and prints the reading from the digital indicator every time the 'DATA' button on the recorder is pressed. At the end of the data collection, the readings are analysed and the following statistical values are printed.", "Cement", "lab_Concrete_list.asp?ProductID=15"],
		    [95, 15, "images/EarlyAgeShrinkage.jpg", "Early-Age Shrinkage Measurement Rig", "This test rig is designed to measure the shrinkage of Ordinary Portland Cement based materials in the earlier stages of hydration. It can also be used to measure shrinkage over extended periods if required.The test material is cast in a triangular section mould fitted with a movable stop end. A stainless steel insert is used to key the test material to the stop end of the mould. As soon as the test material has achieved sufficient stiffness, the clamping screws on the movable stop end are released.The shrinkage of the material is then measured directly by a dial gauge or an LSCT displacement transducer, which bears directly on the stop end. Temperature effects on the normal mould can be corrected by comparing to another mould with an Invar bar fitted between the stop ends.The apparent shrinkage from this reference mould is used to correct for temperature effects on the normal moulds.", "Cement", "lab_Concrete_list.asp?ProductID=15"],
		    [96, 15, "images/Fineness.jpg", "Fineness - Blaine Apparatus", "The Blaine Air Permeability Apparatus is used to determine the fineness of cement in terms of specific surface expressed as total surface area in square centimetres per gram of cement.", "Cement", "lab_Concrete_list.asp?ProductID=15"],
		    [97, 15, "images/JAFCalorimeter.jpg", "JAF Calorimeter", "The JAF conduction calorimeter is designed to measure the isothermal heats of hydration of small samples of cements.The system can also be used to obtain information on the reaction rate for a wide range of chemical and biochemical processes. The principle on which the calorimeter works is that heat generated during the chemical reaction flows rapidly through a thermal conductor to a heat sink, which is maintained at a constant temperature by a surrounding water bath.The conduction path is formed by a sensitive thermopile, which produces an electrical output proportional to the heat flow through it. When used for cement analysis, the apparatus cuts out the tedium of the standard vacuum flask heat of solution method for measuring the heat of hydration cements. Results can be obtained at any selected time interval, and coefficients of variation of 0.9% have been obtained at three days, which is a considerable improvement over the heat of solution method.", "Cement", "lab_Concrete_list.asp?ProductID=15"],
		    [98, 15, "images/LeChatelier.jpg", "Le Chatelier Flask ", "The Le Chatelier Flask is used to determine the specific gravity (relative density) of hydraulic cement and lime.The neck of the flask is graduated from 0 to 1ml and from 18 to 24ml in divisions of 0.1ml.", "Cement", "lab_Concrete_list.asp?ProductID=15"],
		    [99, 15, "images/VicatApparatus.jpg", "Vicat Apparatus", "The Vicat method is used to determine the water content that will produce the required consistency of cement.The apparatus consists of a metallic frame, graduated scale with index, 300g sliding probe, 10mm diameter consistency plunger, glass base plate and thermometer. Needles and moulds are ordered separately according to the relevant standard.", "Cement", "lab_Concrete_list.asp?ProductID=15"],
		    [100, 16, "images/troxlerNTO.gif", "4730/31 New Technology Oven (NTO)", "Troxler now offers advanced Infrared (IR) technology to measure asphalt content by the NCAT ignition method. The H.M.A. sample is ignited using IR elements. This produces a very clean and efficient burning of the asphalt while limiting the aggregate degradation. The NTO combines this sophisticated oven with an integrated weighing system to continuously measure the bituminous weight loss during combustion and to automatically display the percent of asphalt in the mix. The remaining aggregate can be sieved for gradation analysis.", "Asphalt Binder Analyser", "lab_asphalt_list.asp?ProductID=16"],
		    [101, 16, "images/ContentGauge.jpg", "3241-C Asphalt Content Gauge", "Troxler's Model 3241-C Asphalt Content Gauge enables you to quickly,accurately and safely test your bituminous mixes for asphalt content using nuclear methods. The Model 3241-C provides accurate asphalt content results in as little as 5 minutes, and it adheres to ASTM Standard test Method D-4125. Troxler asphalt content measurement equipment is used by more than 45 transportation agencies (local and national) around the world. Hundreds of highway construction contractors and testing laboratories worldwide use the 3241-C for quality control and acceptance testing.", "Asphalt Binder Analyser", "lab_asphalt_list.asp?ProductID=16"],
		    [102, 16, "images/BinderAnalyser.jpg", "Asphalt Binder Analyser", "The Asphalt Binder Analyser (ABA) determines the asphalt binder content of hot mix asphalt/bituminous mixtures by the loss on ignition method.This method replaces the traditional solvent procedure, avoiding the health and environmental concerns and the related expense of chlorinated solvents. The ABA consists of a combustion chamber and weighing system with software, which continuously monitors the rate of weight loss of a bituminous mixture during combustion and automatically calculates its binder content at the end of the test.", "Asphalt Binder Analyser", "lab_asphalt_list.asp?ProductID=16"],
		    [103, 17, "images/LVDTCalibration.jpg", "LVDT Calibration Device", "A highly accurate, portable LVDT calibration device is required to frequently verify the combined accuracy of each signal conditioning module and its accompanying LVDT for compliance with FHWA (SHRP) testing procedures.", "Asphalt/Aggregate Testing", "lab_asphalt_listing.asp?ProductID=17"],
		    [104, 17, "images/WheelTracker.jpg", "Wheel Tracker", "The Cooper Research wheel tracker can be configured to meet prEN, TRB, and BS standards. As with our other equipment test software is available in a variety of languages. We also produce an immersion wheel tracker which is often referred to as the Hamburg Wheel Tracker.", "Asphalt/Aggregate Testing", "lab_asphalt_listing.asp?ProductID=17"],
		    [105, 17, "images/RollerCompactor.jpg", "Roller Compactor", "Our standard Roller compactor is designed to compact specimens for the Wheel Tracker. In addition to this we produce a dual size model that will also compact specimens that can be cut into beams for use in beam fatigue tests. A vibrating roller option is available with both these machines.", "Asphalt/Aggregate Testing", "lab_asphalt_listing.asp?ProductID=17"],
		    [106, 17, "images/DynamicShear.jpg", "Dynamic Shear Rheometer", "Traditional methods used to measure the properties of the asphalt are penetration and absolute viscosity, but the results of these tests do not always correlate well with real-world performance. The dynamic shear rheometer measures how well a binder will withstand rutting and fatigue cracking. A small sample of bitumen is placed between two parallel plates, one that remains in place and one that oscillates. The force required to move the plate indicates the phase angle and stiffness of the binder, and thus its resistance to rutting and fatigue cracking.", "Asphalt/Aggregate Testing", "lab_asphalt_listing.asp?ProductID=17"],
		    [107, 17, "images/AsphaltAnalyser.jpg", "Asphalt Analyser", "The Asphalt Analyser is fully compliant with the latest ASTM, AASHTO and BS Draft standards specifying equipment and procedures in determining the asphalt binder content of hot mix asphalt/bituminous mixtures by the use of solvents. The main advantages of this machine over those that use the ignition method are: 1. After extraction there are no problems with destroyed minerals and all components of the mix are available for further investigation 2. It produces quick results - 2 kg of asphalt mix can be divided and available for further sieve analysis within approximately 40 minutes. 3. No calibration curves are required 4. The results have a much higher accuracy and with better repeatability of results The machine can be set for the solvents dichlormethan (boiling point appr. 40°C), trichlorethylene (87°C), or perchlorethylene (120°C).", "Asphalt/Aggregate Testing", "lab_asphalt_listing.asp?ProductID=17"],
		    [108, 17, "images/BendingBeam.jpg", "Bending Beam Rheometer", "The CANNON® Thermoelectric Bending-Beam Rheometer performs low-temperature flexural creep stiffness measurements on asphalt binders as specified in current ASTM, AASHTO, and SHRP standards.", "Asphalt/Aggregate Testing", "lab_asphalt_listing.asp?ProductID=17"],
		    [109, 17, "images/LightDropWeightTester.jpg", "Light Drop-Weight Tester ZFG 02", "Light Drop-Weight Tester ZFG 02 to the fast load-carrying capacity measurement and in-plant self-monitoring with building projects ", "Asphalt/Aggregate Testing", "lab_asphalt_listing.asp?ProductID=17"],
		    [110, 17, "images/Proctor.jpg", "Proctor Test", "The purpose of the Proctor Test is to find out the dry density of a soil after compression under fixed testing conditions as function of the water content. The test is for the estimation of the attainable density of soil at building sites and provides a reference amount for the assessment of the attainable density of soil. Its result also indicates at which water content it is favourable to compress the soil in order to reach certain dry densities", "Asphalt/Aggregate Testing", "lab_asphalt_listing.asp?ProductID=17"],
		    [111, 17, "images/CuttingCylinder.jpg", "Cutting Cylinder", "Cutting Cylinders are used for the determinationof soil density by field tests.<BR><BR>The determination of soil density is necessary for the compression degree.<BR><BR>Cutting Cylinders are to be used for the determination of density of fine-grained soils (sand, clay). If there are slight coarse-grained storages, the weight share of the grains with a diameter of d> 0.02 *di must be smaller than 10%. Cutting Cylinders are especially suitable for the test of harden soils of stiff consistency and of fine sands at middle-thick storage. This device is applicable for taking special samples from prospects in loose, thick and not harden soils as well as in semi-solid and solid harden soils according to DIN 40 21 part 1.", "Asphalt/Aggregate Testing", "lab_asphalt_listing.asp?ProductID=17"],
		    [112, 17, "images/Automatic Ring and Ball Tester.jpg", "Automatic Ring and Ball Tester", "EN 1427 with microprocessor controlled system giving an accurate temperature rise of 5 K/min. The ring and ball value is measured automatically by two photoelectric cells and the values are digitally monitored and memorized. Supplied with ring and ball test frame, beaker, stirring unit as well as two test rings and two balls. 230 V, 50 Hz.", "Asphalt/Aggregate Testing", "lab_asphalt_listing.asp?ProductID=17"],
		    [113, 17, "images/Penetrometer digital.jpg", "Penetrometer digital", "Comprising the penetration test frame with variable timer 0.1 seconds to 99.99 hours to release the plunger automatically and electronic penetration measuring system with digital display sensitivity 0.01 mm.<BR>Accessories and further models please find in our catalogue.", "Asphalt/Aggregate Testing", "lab_asphalt_listing.asp?ProductID=17"],
		    [114, 17, "images/Segmental Compactor.jpg", "Segmental Compactor", "For preparation of 320 x 260 mm rolled asphalt samples with a height of 40 .. 120 mm in the laboratory. This computer controlled machine with flexible software provides samples which can be compared with hot rolled road asphalt. Twenty different compacting pro-grames with up to 20 steps can be programmed by the operator himself.<P><B>Test procedure</B><UL><LI>Preheating of sample mould and compacting segment</LI><LI>Filling-in asphalt mix</LI><LI>Select the suitable programe and start the machine. The compaction of the sample is done automatically step by step acc. to the preselected programe</LI><LI>After compaction the segment is lifted automatically</LI><LI>After cooling down of the sample it can be demoulded by use of the >integrated de-moulding system<P><div align='left'><B>Specification:</B><BR><table width=300><TR><TD width=150><span class='normaltext'>Compacting load</span></TD><TD width=150><span class='normaltext'>0 .. 30 kN</span></tD></TR><TR><TD width=150><span class='normaltext'>Segment radius</span></TD><TD width=150><span class='normaltext'>550 mm</span></TD></TR><TR><TD width=150><span class='normaltext'>Compacting speed</span></TD><TD width=150><span class='normaltext'>45 overroll./min.</span></TD></TR><TR><TD width=150><span class='normaltext'>Sample dimension</span></TD><TD width=150><span class='normaltext'>320 x 260 mm</span></TD></TR><TR><TD width=150><span class='normaltext'>Sample height</span></TD><TD width=150><span class='normaltext'>40 .. 120 mm</span></TD></TR><TR><TD width=150><span class='normaltext'>Dimension appr.</span></TD><TD width=150><span class='normaltext'>1310 x 835 x 2210 mm</span></TD></TR><TR><TD width=150><span class='normaltext'>Supply</span></TD><TD width=150><span class='normaltext'>400 V, 50 Hz</span></TD></TR></table></div>", "Asphalt/Aggregate Testing", "lab_asphalt_listing.asp?ProductID=17"],
		    [115, 17, "images/Los Angeles Maschine.jpg", "Los Angeles Maschine", "EN 1097 - ASTM C 131/535 - AASHTO T 96 - NF P 18573 comprising a solid steel housing with lid and integrated drum driven by an electric motor with 30 rpm.. A presetting counter stops the machine automatically after reaching the presetted numbers of rotations. 400 V, 50 Hz, 3 Ph.", "Asphalt/Aggregate Testing", "lab_asphalt_listing.asp?ProductID=17"],
		    [116, 17, "images/Micro-Deval-Test Machine.jpg", "Micro-Deval-Test Machine", "EN 1097- 1- NF P 18572/P 35572 comprising a solid steel housing with lid and integrated drum driven by an electric motor with 30 rpm.. A presetting counter stops the machine automatically after reaching the presetted numbers of rotations. 400 V, 50 Hz, 3 Ph.", "Asphalt/Aggregate Testing", "lab_asphalt_listing.asp?ProductID=17"],
		    [117, 17, "images/coreDrill.jpg", "Core Drilling Machine", "Core Drilling Machine mounted on a one axle trailer. Stainless steel water tank with hydraulically operated drilling unit. Including electric water pump, flushing head and four stroke petrol driven engine.", "Asphalt/Aggregate Testing", "lab_asphalt_listing.asp?ProductID=17"],
		    [118, 17, "images/PRIMA.jpg", "PRIMA 100 Portable LWD", "The new generation of PRIMA 100 portable FWD is a handy instrument for on-site measurement of bearing capacity to minimize risks and optimise quality. The best of our long FWD production experience has been used for the PRIMA 100.<P>Compared to other kinds of measuring equipment, the investment in a PRIMA 100 FWD equipment enabling high quality data collection is very low and means a tremendous cost reduction as on-site analysis of collected data allows immediate information and printout of reports. Only one person is needed for the work and the equipment can work under very diffi cult conditions like in excavation trenches. Site locations can be captured by means of GPS (Geographic Positioning System), which enable presentation of data in maps or general plans of site.<P>The data transfer system of the new generation of PRIMA 100 is very flexible and allows for wireless (HF) transfer of data. This enables unique working conditions and only one person is needed for the work. The operator may leave the PC in the car while measuring on site and still have data displayed on a wireless control board while working.<P>PRIMA 100 is unique for quick in-situ control of unbound base layers, subbases or compacted layers. All you need is a PC with a data evaluation program. All data is stored on PC in ASCII format enabling direct conversion to e.g. Microsoft EXCEL or WORD so that data can be used directly in a report.<P>PRIMA 100 is powered by four 1.5 volt standard AA batteries and no extra power supply is needed. PRIMA 100 standard model has one centre geophone. Extension to three geophones is possible.<P><B>Facts</B><UL><LI>Quick on site control measurements</LI><LI>instead of risky estimates</LI><LI>Quality optimisation</LI><LI>Easy to operate</LI><LI>Time history recording on load and geophone(s)</LI><LI>Standard Windows software</LI><LI>Made by specialists with more than</LI><LI>25 years of FWD experience</LI></uL>", "Asphalt/Aggregate Testing", "lab_asphalt_listing.asp?ProductID=17"],
		    [119, 17, "images/AsphaltTester.jpg", "More Equipments", "", "", ""],
		    [120, 18, "images/LaserProfiler.jpg", "Laser Profiler", "The Laser Profiler is SSI's high-speed solution for road surface profile evaluation.  Finally, you can cut costs and save time on road surface testing without really losing anything.  The High Speed Profiler brings you all the features of an SSI computerized profilograph with SSI's patented technology, and adds the ability to run tests at highway speeds.  This means you no longer need to block off sections of road for pre-construction surface profile evaluation, which not only saves you money on worker setup and traffic control, but also allows you to profile at highway speeds, which saves you time, which we all know translates to more money.  Some key features of the SSI High Speed Profiler are outlined below.  For more detailed information, a brochure, or ordering information, select the appropriate link at the bottom of the page.", "Laser Profiler", "lab_advtest_list.asp?ProductID=18", "Laser Profiler System"],
		    [121, 18, "images/WalkingProfiler.jpg", "Walking Profiler", "SSI’s Walking Profiler, model CS8800, is a true walking speed surface profiling instrument capable of generating numerous ride quality statistics and precise depictions of localized roughness. Distilled from SSI’s profilograph and inertial profiling system technology, the CS8800 records the surface profile by measuring precise movements of distance and elevation changes that are processed with SSI’s proprietary data collection electronics and advanced digital filtering methods. The system generates commonly used ride indices such as IRI, simulated PRI, Floor Flatness, and other commonly used expressions of surface quality. Localized roughness is also precisely captured both in its longitudinal location and height dimensions. Powered by a Windows XP computer with a wireless interface, the CS8800 pairs cutting edge electronic technology with SSI’s feature rich profiling application software. Raw data exports to commonly used formats, including ERD, PRO, ASCII and Excel. The CS8800 collapses into a portable container that can be easily transported or shipped.", "Walking Profiler", "lab_advtest_list.asp?ProductID=18", "Laser Profiler System"], 
		    [122, 18, "images/mulipurposeProfiler.jpg", "Multiple Purpose Profiler", "The industry’s first and only hybrid profiling system, the SSI model CS9500 Multiple Purpose Profiler, merges the best features of lightweight and high speed profilers into a self-contained, professionally engineered trailer.  Weighing less than most lightweight profilers, the CS9500 can be towed behind a small terrain or golf cart style vehicle for early testing of freshly paved surfaces and easy maneuvering within the tight confines of construction sites.  Alternatively, equipped with a custom built suspension and SSI’s high speed profiling system electronics, the CS9500 can be towed behind a truck or car to collect surface profile data at speeds up to 70 mph, with a low end speed of 5 mph.  The CS9500’s only connection to the tow vehicle is a 12V power cable, which attaches easily to a power supply point on any tow vehicle.  Or with an optional generator, the CS9500 offers its own power supply and is then a 100% self-contained profiling system that can be towed behind any lightweight or high speed vehicle.  The CS9500 trailer is designed as a “street legal” platform that can be titled, registered and plated as a DOT compliant trailer under motor vehicle agency regulations.<BR><BR>The data collection system on the CS9500 is operated via a wireless interface on a touchscreen display that the operator controls from the driver’s seat of any tow vehicle.  The Windows software modules for calibration, data collection and analysis feature on-screen instructions that have been designed for ease of use by operators who need not be engineers or computer experts.  The system generates commonly used ride indices such as IRI, PRI, RQI, RN, and other commonly used expressions of surface quality. With SSI’s proprietary data filtering methods, localized roughness is precisely captured both in its longitudinal location and height dimensions—with accuracy that is unmatched in the industry.  The CS9500 meets or exceeds DOT test methods and certification requirements, including TxDOT 1001-S and AASHTO PP51-02.", "Multiple Purpose Profiler", "lab_advtest_list.asp?ProductID=18", "Laser Profiler System"],
		    [123, 18, "images/Profilograph.jpg", "Computerized Profilograph", "Computerized Profilograph takes the standard profilograph and adds revolutionary electronics to allow bi-directional testing and multiple wheel path reporting.  With MS-Windows software, training and operator cost are greatly reduced.  In addition, data analysis is made much easier, and less time-intensive.  Some key features of the SSI Standard Profiler are outlined below.", "Computerized Profilograph", "lab_advtest_list.asp?ProductID=18", "Laser Profiler System"],
		    [124, 18, "images/ProscanScanning.jpg", "Proscan Manual Profilograph Trace Scanning System", "The ProScan is an automated profilogram scanning and software system. It is a widely accepted system as an alternative method of automatically reducing manual Profilograph traces to determine profile indices and defect stations on paving projects.  There are numerous systems already in place in many state DOT's and construction companies, and many states have certified this system for use on highway construction products.<BR><BR><B>How it works:</B><BR><BR><OL><LI>The computer controlled paper transport unit automatically advances the profilogram trace to the scanner.</LI><LI>The ProScan system scans the trace, divides it into 1/10-mile (or any length) segments, and saves it on the computer hard drive.  System can combine scans of left and right wheel path data on a single report (displays two traces, PRIs per wheel path and average).</LI><LI>The results are printed out on the accepted PRI form for each state using English or metric units.</LI></OL><BR><B>The ProScan system includes:</B><BR><BR><UL><LI>Logitech ScanMan Model 32 hand scanner to capture data</LI><LI>Software to track proflogram trace - ignores stray marks, smooths jagged signals, and fills small gaps in trace</LI><LI>Enhanced program that calculates PRI values, records a collection of segments on disk, and generates a standard DOT smoothness report.</LI><LI>Computer controlled paper transport unit to automate and speed the scanning process</LI><LI>Optional Panasonic Toughbook rugged computer with touchscreen controls</LI></UL>", "Proscan Manual Profilograph Trace Scanning System", "lab_advtest_list.asp?ProductID=18", "Laser Profiler System"],
		    [125, 19, "images/LaserRut.jpg", "Laser Rut Measurement System", "<BR>Laser rut measurement system is a transverse profiling device that detects and characterizes pavement rutting. The LRMS can acquire full 4 meter width profiles of a highway lane at normal traffic speeds, with a maximum sampling rate of 25Hz. The system uses two laser profilers that digitize transverse sections of the pavement. Custom optics and high power pulsed laser line projectors allow the system to operate in full daylight or in nighttime conditions. In order to keep a constant longitudinal sampling, the vehicle's odometer can be continually monitored. Road transverse profile data is collected and processed in real time on board the vehicle. Rut extraction algorithms have been developed to automatically measure short and wide radius ruts as well as rut depth. The system is delivered with a complete DLL library of C or C++ functions allowing the user to easily configure the sensors, acquire transverse profiles, extract road rut data, and validate laser profiler calibration. Over the past years, this system has been used on a continuouse basis by government and private agencies. Hundred of thousands of road kilometers have been surveyed using this technology.<BR><BR><B>Key Features</B><BR><BR><UL><LI>Real time data acquisition and processing on board the inspection vehicle</LI><LI>Operation in normal daylight or nighttime conditions</LI><LI>Short integration times for minimal image blur at maximum inspection speeds</LI><LI>A library of C or C++ functions for easy use and integration</LI><LI>Rut width measurements for both short and wide radius ruts</LI><LI>Proven performance</LI><LI>Inspection speeds up to 120km per hour</LI></UL><BR><B>System Specification</B><UL><LI>Nb. of laser profilers: 2</LI><LI>Sampling rate: up to 25 profiles/s</LI><LI>Vehicle speed: 0 to 120km per hour</LI><LI>Profile spacing: adjustable</LI><LI>Transversal (Width) resolution: 1280 points/profile</LI><LI>Transversal field of view (nominal): 4m</LI><LI>Depth range if operation: 500m</LI><LI>Depth accuracy: 1mm</LI><LI>Transversal (width) accuracy: 3mm</LI><LI>Laser profiler dimensions (approx.):140mm(W) * 1052mm(H) * 305mm(D)</LI><LI>Laser profiler weight: 22kg</LI><LI>Power consumption (max): 300 W at 120/240 VAC</LI></UL>", "Laser Rut Measurement System", "lab_advtest_list.asp?ProductID=19", "Laser Rutting System"],
		    [126, 20, "images/pavement.jpg", "Pavement Thickness", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>MIT-SCAN-T enables to determine non-destructively the thickness of asphalt or concrete pavements (according German specification TPD StB99) accurately and cost-effectively. The response signals of metallic reflectors at the bottom of the layer to be measured induced by short magnetic pulses  are recorded and evaluated using magnetic tomography.<P>Click <A href='lab_advtest_PDF.asp'>here</A> to see more..</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Measuring procedure<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'>The device may be operated in three modes: In the service mode different data for identification of the measuring place and the type of reflector may be put in. In the search mode the device is moved meander-like in a distance of 5 to 10 cm above the ground. The unknown location of the reflector is indicated by a four-line bar diagram and - if desired - by an acoustic signal. In the measuring mode the reflector is crossed by the device. The crossing starts before the reflector and ends about 1 meter behind it. The constant given measuring time of 4 seconds prevents subjective measuring errors. The exact localization of the center of the reflector is not necessary, it must be met only within a corridor of about 20 cm.<P>During the measurement all necessary environmental conditions are recorded, therefore no calibrations of the device are required.</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Conditions for use</SPAN><BR><table><TR><TD width=25%><span class='normaltext'>Minimum distance between neighbored reflectors:</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>0.5 m (from edge to edge)</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=25%><span class='normaltext'>Distance to guardrails:</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>1 m</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=25%><span class='normaltext'>Distance to parking vehicles:</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>2 m</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD colspan=2><span class='normaltext'>Metallic parts on the pavement must be removed. Safety shoos with metallic caps induce perturbations too. </SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD colspan=2><span class='normaltext'>No errors are induced by wet pavements or weakly conducting or magnetic additives within the pavement.</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=25%><span class='normaltext'>Measuring temperature:</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>- 5 °C to 50 °C (23 to 112 °F)</SPAN></TD></TR></table><P><span class='subheadertext'>Reflectors<BR><table><tr><TD colspan=2><span class='normaltext'>Aluminum foils and sheets, thickness 0.04 to 0.3 mm (suited for asphalt only)</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>100 x 30 cm</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>for layer thickness to 42 cm</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>70 x 30 cm </SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>for layer thickness to 42 cm</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>30 x 30 cm</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>for layer thickness to 42 cm</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>32.5 x 32.5 cm	</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>for layer thickness to 42 cm</SPAN></TD></TR><tr><TD colspan=2><span class='normaltext'>further dimensions on request</SPAN></TD></TR><tr><TD colspan=2><span class='normaltext'>Circular sheets of  galvanized sheet steel, thickness 0.6 mm (suited for concrete and asphalt)</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>diameter 30 cm</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>for layer thickness to 42 cm</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>diameter  7 cm</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>for layer thickness to 16 cm</SPAN></TD></TR></table></SPAN><table><tr><TD colspan=2><span class='subheadertext'>Tolerances</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>Measuring accuracy:</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>less than  ?(0.5 % of measured value + 0.1 cm)</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>PC interface:</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>for data transfer, for use of data in Excel tables, interface to user software on request</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>Data storage Capacity:</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>16384 data sets, each containing: place, date and time of measurement, reflector type, and measured layer thickness, sequential arrangement of data sets</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>Pocket printer:</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>Printing of results and data of place and reflector type in the field</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>Power supply:</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>NiMH-Accumulator 12 V / 2 Ah Using time: In search and measuring mode at least 8 hours Charging time: 1.5 hours</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>Accessories:</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>Carrier bag, head phone, charger, printer</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>Mass:</SPAN><P></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>2.5 kg</SPAN><P></TD></TR></table><span class='subheadertext'>Far East Representative:</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>INOPAVE GROUP PTE LTD<P>No. 22 Jalan Riang<BR>Singapore 358991<P>Tel:  65-6284 8551, 6383 317<BR>Fax: 65-6285 8106<BR>Email: inopave@singnet.com.sg<BR>http://www.inopave.com</SPAN>", "Pavement Thickness/Reforcement Testing", "lab_advtest_list.asp?ProductID=20", "Pavement Thickness"],
		    [127, 20, "images/MIT2.jpg", "Reinforcement Bar Misalignment", "<BR><P>Click <A href='lab_advtest_RBM_PDF.asp'>here</A> to see more..</SPAN>", "Pavement Thickness/Reforcement Testing", "lab_advtest_list.asp?ProductID=20", "Reinforcement Bar Misalignment"],
		    [128, 21, "images/BumpIntegrator.jpg", "Bump Integrator", "<BR>The TRL Bump Integrator is a Response Type Road Roughness Measurement System.This records the cumulative displacement of an axle relative to the body of the vehicle induced by the roughness of the road. The system consists of a vehicle with a solid, transverse back axle, fitted with a bump integrator and counter, which, together, are able to integrate and record the movement of the back axle as the vehicle passes along the road. The bump integrator unit, developed by the UK Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) is in use throughout the world to provide effective means of monitoring road roughness over great distances.", "Bump Integrator", "lab_advtest_list.asp?ProductID=21", "Bump Integrator"],
		    [129, 21, "images/RollingStraightEdge.jpg", "Rolling Straight Edge", "<BR>The rolling straight edge is used for the assessment of road and pavement regularity, measuring any depressions in the surface on an analogue scale of 0 - 12mm, over distance measured in metres. The unit consists of a 3 metre long rigid frame supported on two parallel rows of rubber tyred wheels. In the centre of the parallel rows of wheels, and at the mid point of the straight edge itself, is a freely moveable sensing wheel.The vertical movements of the sensing wheel are transmitted to the pointer and scale on the central display unit. Distance travelled is measured by an odometer in metres.", "Rolling Straight Edge", "lab_advtest_list.asp?ProductID=21", "Bump Integrator"],
		    [130, 21, "images/GeoFlector.jpg", "Geo-Flector", "<BR>The new Geo-Flector Benkelman Beam from Geotechnics is a cost effective 2 piece beam which comes complete with its own transit case. The device is light weight making it very portable and is also brightly coloured for on site visibility.<P>It is built to conform with Transit NZ specification TNZ T/1, therefore making it suitable for NZ contracts.<P>You have a choice of readouts; analogue, digital and digital with peak hold function.<P>We also offer a choice of transit cases; a textured aluminium case with precision cut foam inserts, or a ‘audio road case' style laminated plywood case with full aluminium surrounds.", "Geo-Flector", "lab_advtest_list.asp?ProductID=21", "Bump Integrator"],
	            [131, 22, "images/Proove.gif", "Proove´it", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>With the PROOVE´it the ingress of chlorides into concrete can be evaluated in two manners:<BR><UL><LI>How easy it is to force chlorides into a concrete by applying an electrical charge, the RCPT Coulomb Test according to the standard AASHTO T 277-831: Rapid Determination of the Chloride Permeability of Concrete and ASTM C 1202-91: Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concretes Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration.</LI><LI>By means of the penetration depth of the chlorides, after an electric charge has been applied for a specific time according to NT BUILD 492: Chloride Migration Coefficient from Non-Steady-State Migration Experiments, to evaluate the chloride diffusion coefficient for service life calculations.</LI></UL></SPAN><SPAN class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>A water saturated concrete specimen, 100 mm diameter and 50 mm thick, is positioned in a cell containing a fluid reservoir on both sides. For the RCPT Coulomb Test one reservoir is filled with a 3% NaCl solution, the other with a 0.3N NaOH solution. A DC voltage is applied over the cell with the negative terminal connected to the reservoir containing the NaCl solution and the positive to the NaOH solution, causing the negatively charged chloride ions to migrate towards the positive terminal.<BR><BR>The voltage applied has to be 60 VDC.<BR><BR>The more permeable the concrete is, the more chloride ions will migrate, and the higher the current will be. The current is measured over 6 hours. The ampere-seconds curve measured is integrated producing the Coulombs, which are used for classification as follows:<BR><BR><table align='left' border='1' cellspacing='0' width='100%' class='normaltext'><TR><TD>Coulombs</TD><TD>Permeability Class</TD><TD>Typical of</TD></TR><TR><TD>>4000</TD><TD>High</TD><TD>w/c-ratio > 0.5</TD></TR><TR><TD>4000-2000</TD><TD>Moderate</TD><TD>w/c-ratio 0.4-0.5</TD></TR><TR><TD>2000-1000</TD><TD>Low</TD><TD>w/c-ratio < 0.4</TD></TR><TR><TD>1000-100</TD><TD>Very Low</TD><TD>Latex modified concrete</TD></TR><TR><TD><100</TD><TD>Negligible</TD><TD>Polymer concrete</TD></TR></TABLE></SPAN><table border='0'width='100%'><TR><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR><TR><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR><TR><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR><TR><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR><TR><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR><TR><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR></TR><TR><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR></TAble><span class='normaltext'>Alternatively, with the NT BUILD 492 test, the voltage applied is 30 VDC. The catholyte reservoir is 10% NaCl in 0.1N NaOH solution and the anolyte reservoir 0.3N NaOH. The initial current is measured and the test duration selected accordingly, e.g. 4 hours for an initial current of more than 120 mA and 168 hours for less than 5 mA. After the test has been performed the specimen is split, the actual penetration depth of the chlorides measured by spraying a silver nitrate solution on the surface and the chloride diffusion coefficient calculated.<BR><BR>Profile grinding and testing for chlorides after ponding, will measure the chloride diffusion coefficient directly, according to NT BUILD 433: Concrete, Hardened, Accelerated Chloride Penetration. This test requires, however, a period of minimum 35 days for the ponding to take place.<BR><BR>The PROOVE´it accommodates both the RCPT Coulomb Test and the NT BUILD 492 test.<BR><BR></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>At 60 VDC the precision of the PROOVE´it microprocessor power supply is within ± 0.1 mA for a 30 mA and a 300 mA current. The variation on the RCPT Coulombs Test is ± 8% for a very low permeability class (<1000 Coulombs) and ± 4% for higher permeability classes (>1000 Coulombs).<BR><BR>The NT BUILD 492 test compared to NT BUILD 433 has been shown to have a precision of 5-9% and a variation of 12-24%.<BR><BR>The PROOVE´it system features:<BR><UL><LI>Windows-based software for testing and reports</LI><LI>Computer controlled microprocessor power supply</LI><LI>Testing of up to 8 cells simultaneously</LI><LI>Voltage setting at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 VDC</LI><LI>Testing time as required, e.g. for the CTH Rapid Test</LI><LI>Temperature registration</LI><LI>Cyclic testing option for duration of curing</LI><LI>Concrete conductivity after 1 minute at 60 VDC</LI><LI>Predicted Coulombs every 5 minutes</LI><LI>Documentation of each test result with ones own logo</LI><LI>Easy to assemble, watertight cells, simple to maintain</LI><LI>A complete system comprising of coring and slicing equipment, vacuum desiccator and vacuum pump, cells, microprocessor power supply and software, illustrated on the following page</LI></UL></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>The PROOVE´it cells</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Two types are available, the PR-1000 and the PR-1100 cells, illustrated below. The PR-1000 is the standard cell. The PR-1100 is supplied with ribs for cooling, especially needed if the temperature is required to be kept constant as e.g. for chloride diffusion coefficient testing using the NT BUILD 492 test method.<BR><BR>Sealing of the cell is obtained by tightening its four bolts, squeezing the gaskets against the specimen.<BR><BR></SPAN><div align='center'><img src='images/cells.gif'></DIV><BR><BR><span class='normaltext'>The cells are supplied with PR-1010B gaskets, unless otherwise specified. The PR-1010B gaskets type match the core diameter produced by the CEL-100 coring equipment (100 mm diameter cores).<BR><BR></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>The PR-1055 calibration unit<BR><BR></SPAN><div align='center'><img src='images/CalibrationUnit.gif'></div><BR><span class='normaltext'>Calibration of the microprocessor power supply is made with the PR-1055 calibration unit shown adjacent. The unit is connected to line power, 110 VAC or 220 VAC. Each channel of the power supply is, for a selected voltage, set up for testing and connected to the calibration unit. The Current-Actual indicated on the computer screen is checked to be within 30 mA ± 0.1 mA, respectively 300 mA ± 0.1 mA for the two switch options on the calibration unit.</SPAN>", "Proove´it", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=22", "Durability"],
		    [132, 22, "images/ProfileGrinder.gif", "Profile Grinder", "<span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>With the Profile Grinder concrete powder is ground out at exact, small increments for accurate establishment of the chloride profile,<BR><UL><LI>following ponding of specimens in the laboratory, e.g. according to NT Build 443: Concrete, Hardened: Accelerated Chloride Penetration or</LI><LI>on-site on structures that have been subjected to chlorides, for the purpose of estimating the chloride diffusion coefficient to be used for service life calculations.</LI></UL></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>A grinding bit, 18 mm in diameter, grinds out concrete powder at selected, exact depth increments, selected between 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm. The bit is attached to a grinding machine held against the surface by a grinding plate. The grinding takes place by working over the surface in three rotations with the bit. The grinding area is 73 mm in diameter and the maximum depth is 40 mm. The powder produced is collected with a Dustbuster containing a re-usable filter, except on vertical faces where the powder collection is made in a plastic bag attached to the grinding plate. For every depth increment of 0.5 mm approximately 5 grams of powder is available for analysis. Each sample takes 4-6 minutes to produce and about 5 minutes to test with the RCT for chlorides.</SPAN><BR><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The depth increments are accurate within ± 2% and the variation is less than ± 1%.</SPAN><BR><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Testing examples</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The Profile Grinder allows grinding on specimens in the laboratory as well as on-site, without the need of coring, slicing it in the laboratory and pulverizing the slices.</SPAN><table width='100%'><TR><TD><img src='images/grinding2.gif'><BR>Grinding on specimen in the lab</TD><TD><img src='images/grinding3.gif'><BR>In-situ grinding, horizontally</TD><TD><img src='images/grinding4.gif'><BR>In-situ grinding, vertically</TD></TR></table>", "Profile Grinder", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=22", "Durability"],
	            [133, 22, "images/AVA.gif", "AVA", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The durability of concrete subjected to wetting and freezing / thawing can be enhanced by deliberately introducing many, small and closely spaced air bubbles (voids) in the cement paste. During freezing, the ice formed in the capillary pores will expand into adjacent voids without causing spalling and deterioration of the concrete, provided the spacing and the size distribution between the air voids are within certain limits. To characterize the air bubbles, the spacing factor (the maximum distance from any point in the cement paste to a free air void periphery) and the specific surface (the ratio of the surface area of the air voids to their volume) are used. In general, a good quality, frost resistant concrete has to have a spacing factor < 0.20 mm and a specific surface of >25 mm-1</SPAN><div align='center'><img src='images/AVA1.gif'></div><BR><span class='normaltext'>The spacing factor and the specific surface of the air void system are, as a standard, determined according to ASTM C 457: The Microscopical Determination of Parameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete. This analysis requires a sample cored from the hardened concrete on-site and prepared properly in the laboratory as illustrated adjacent. The spacing factor and the specific surface in then measured manually by the linear traverse method using a microscope, or by automated image analyses.<BR><BR>Documentation of the air void structure in this manner cannot produce timely information during the concreting process.<BR><BR>Timely information is important, as practice has shown the void structure introduced by air entraining agents can easily change during the process of concreting, e.g. by the application of water reducing admixtures, plasticisers, superplasticisers and their dosages, by pressure influences in concrete pumps, by a high hydrostatic pressure or by over-vibration.<BR><BR>With the AVA (the Air Void Analyzer), the air void structure is measured while the concrete is still plastic, producing timely information of the spacing factor and the specific surface of the air void in the cement paste of the concrete. The time of testing is 25 minutes or less, providing instant information.<BR><BR></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The air bubbles entrained in a mortar sample are transferred to a blue AVA release liquid by stirring. Provided the release liquid has the proper viscosity and hydrophilic character the bubbles in the mortar retain their original size and neither coalesce nor disintegrate into smaller bubbles.<BR><BR>Above the blue AVA release liquid is a column of water, in which the air bubbles rise subsequently. Larger bubbles will rise faster and smaller bubbles slower, according to Stoke´s Law.<BR><BR>The air bubbles rising through the water column are collected under a submerged bowl attached to a balance. The buoyancy of the bowl is recorded over time.<BR><BR>An algorithm calculates, on the basis of the recorded buoyancy, the spacing factor and the specific surface of the air bubbles. The algorithm ensures the parameters to be the same as obtained from ASTM C 457 linear traverse measurements.<BR><BR></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The general conclusion is that the AVA produce air void parameters comparable to those obtained by the ASTM C 457 practice within ± 10%. On one concrete mix the variation on the AVA spacing factor and the specific surface determination is normally ± 8-10%.</SPAN><BR><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Testing example</SPAN><BR><BR><table width='100%'><TR><TD><img src='images/AVA3.gif'></TD><TD><img src='images/AVA4.gif'></TD><TD><img src='images/AVA5.gif'></TD></TR></table><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>A sample of the mortar fraction of the air-entrained concrete is taken by vibrating a wire cage (shown left above) into the plastic concrete. The mortar will enter into the cage excluding aggregates larger than 6 mm. A syringe collects subsequently a 20 cm^3 sample in the cage for analysis.</LI><LI>The sample is injected into the riser column as illustrated above. The riser column has at the bottom the blue AVA release liquid with water above. The mortar and the liquid are stirred gently for 30 seconds, by which the air voids are released.</LI><LI>The bubbles rise through the liquids at rates depending on their size, providing a separation over time.</LI><LI>The bubbles are collected under a submerged bowl attached to a balance. A computer connected to the balance records the buoyancy of the bowl as a function of time.</LI><LI>In the early stages of the measurement the size distribution of the air bubbles arriving under the bowl range from a few mm to a few micrometer. For each succeeding period, the of the bubbles decrease as the larger bubbles already have arrived at the bowl.</LI><LI>The measurement continues for 25 minutes unless there is no weight change recorded for 3 consecutive minutes, in which case the measurement is stopped.</LI><LI>The AVA software processes the balance readings and calculates the air void parameters including the spacing factor and the specific surface of the air bubbles as indicated on the following page.</LI><LI>In addition, the software produce a graph giving the cumulative fraction of the volume of voids versus the void diameter, and a bar chart of the actual void volume in different classes of void diameters.</LI></UL></SPAN><BR><div align='center'><img src='images/AVA6.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>AVA-2000 System - supplied in a transport carrying case</SPAN></div><BR>", "AVA", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=22", "Durability"],
		    [134, 22, "images/RapidAir.gif", "RapidAir", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The RapidAir provides an image analysis system for automatic analyzing the air content in hardened concrete according to the linear traverse method in ASTM C 457: Standard Method for Microscopical Determination of Parameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete.<BR><BR>The measured parameters are the total air content, the spacing factor and the specific surface of the entrained air-void structure.<BR><BR></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>A core is taken from the structure, sliced, grinded and lapped in the laboratory, the resulting surface being plane and smooth with sharp void edges. The lapping quality is checked under a stereomicroscope.<BR><BR>The surface is colored black with a hard stamp pad containing black ink. After heating the sample to 550C a white zinc paste is applied to the surface with a rubber spatula. The zinc paste will melt on the surface and flow into the voids.<BR><BR>After cooling to room temperature the paste is removed from the surface with a straight, sharp steel blade. The black-white contrast is checked under a stereomicroscope. The voids should be totally filled with paste and no white regions should be visible on the surface. Finally, voids or cavities in aggregates as well as obvious cracks are colored black under the stereomicroscope using a black marker.<BR><BR>The preparation of a well-lapped specimen surface for analysis takes about 30 minutes. The RapidAir measurement is done in less than 17 minutes, automatically. This should be compared to the 4-6 hours normally required for manual analysis by the human eye judgment through a microscope using light contrast.<BR><BR><table width='100%'><TR><TD><img src='images/air1.gif'></TD><TD><img src='images/air2.gif'></TD></TR></table><br>An example of a specimen prepared in this manner is shown above, left figure.<BR><BR>Following contrast enhancement, the plane section is mounted on a moving X-Y-Z stage positioned below a video camera. The control unit automatically moves the stage, and the air void parameters are determined as indicated in the example above, right figure, from a typical scan of a 2413 mm line of traverse as required in the ASTM C 457. <BR><BR>The scan is automatically saved in a report file documenting the air content, spacing factor and specific surface. In addition, graphical presentation of the air voids and the raw data are available.<BR><BR></SPAN><table width='100%'><TR><TD><img src='images/air3.gif'></TD><TD><img src='images/air4.gif'></TD></TR></table><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>As reported in: Pade, C., Jakobsen, U.H. and Elsen, J.: A New Automatic Analysis System for Analyzing the Air Void System in Hardened Concrete, International Cement Microscopy Association Conference, San Diego, USA, April 2002, a very good agreement was found between the air void system parameters measured by the RapidAir and the ASTM C 457 standard, performed by thirteen European laboratories.<BR><BR>The variation using the RapidAir was found to be 0.37% on the air content, 1.57 mm^-1 on the specific surface estimation and 0.011 mm on the spacing factor.</SPAN><BR><BR><span class='subheadertext'>RapidAir ordering number</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The RapidAir-3000 system shown adjacent comes as a complete system, ready to plug in and operate, including PC with software, control unit and manual.</SPAN>", "RapidAir", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=22", "Durability"],
	            [135, 22, "images/RAT.gif", "RAT", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>ASR (Alkali Silica Reaction) is harmful to concrete structures. The alkalies (potassium and sodium ions) in the cement paste react with silica particles in the sand fraction or aggregates and cause expansion and cracking, provided sufficient moisture is present.<BR><BR>To reduce the risk of ASR in new concrete structures the sodium and potassium ions in the cement paste of new mixes may be lowered and required in the specification not to exceed a critical limit. <BR><BR>The RAT (Rapid Alkali Test) measures the amount of sodium and potassium ions in the fresh concrete or its constituents. The test may also be used for testing hardened concrete.<BR><BR></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>A sample of the fresh concrete, or its constituents, is taken and mixed into a specific amount of acid extraction liquid. A calibrated set of electrodes, one for measuring the sodium and one for the potassium ions, is submerged into the solution and the corresponding mV-readings taken. <BR><BR>The mV-readings are transformed directly into amount of Na2O and 0.658 x K2O in kg/m^3 by means of established calibration curves, and added to give the equivalent amount of Na2O.<BR><BR>One test takes about 10 minutes to perform after the electrodes have been calibrated. <BR><BR>Similarly, for hardened concrete, a powder sample may be analyzed. Should aggregates containing reactive material need to be excluded, coring has to be made, the core fractured and the aggregates removed. The remaining concrete is then pulverized and analyzed.<BR><BR></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><div align='center'><img src='images/rat1.gif'></div><BR><span class='normaltext'></SPAN><BR><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Testing example</SPAN><BR><div align='center'><img src='images/rat2.gif'></div><BR><span class='normaltext'>Calibration of the electrodes is performed on the three calibration liquids producing typical calibration curves as indicated above. The concrete sample is dissolved in the extraction liquid and the electrodes submerged into the solution. In this example the mV-reading on the Na+ electrode is 12.0 mV and on the K+ electrode 18.9 mV with corresponding amounts of 0.46 kg/m^3 and 1.40 kg/m^3. Adding the numbers give an equivalent amount of Na2O of 1.86 kg/m^3.</SPAN><BR><BR>", "RAT", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=22", "Durability"],
		    [136, 22, "images/Stress.gif", "4C-Heat, 4-C Temp and 4C-Stress", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>During hardening of a concrete structure the heat of hydration in combination with ambient weather conditions will induce strains caused by temperature differences. In addition, strain components will be added from deformations, restricted movements, shrinkage, creep and drying. In this manner a concrete member will inevitably be subjected to internal early-age stresses during hardening.<BR><BR>On the other hand, the concrete develops its strength and stiffness gradually. If the tensile strength exceeds the early-age stresses at any time during hardening, the concrete will remain crack-free. Otherwise, should the tensile strength be exceeded, the concrete may crack, causing easy access for e.g. chlorides, CO2, moist and oxygen in the cover layer protecting the reinforcement. In this manner the structure will be less durable than expected.<BR><BR>With the 4C-Temp and 4C-Stress software the risk of hardening cracking is simulated prior to the start-up of a project, the purpose being to select the proper and most economic execution procedure to minimize the risk of early-age hardening cracking.<BR><BR></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>With the 4C-Temp software the temperatures are simulated in a structure by means of the finite element method and the maturity is calculated. The most important input parameters for the software is the heat of hydration for the concrete mix in question. A semi-adiabatic calorimeter called the Hydration Cabin and the 4C-Heat software establish this material characteristic.<BR><BR>Simulation of the temperatures are conducted for a given geometry of the structure and for assumed parameters comprising the casting schedule, temperature of the air, fresh concrete, foundations and soil, the wind velocity, the type of formwork and insulation, the time of stripping and the use of cooling or heating measures.<BR><BR>As a step further, the 4C-Stress software simulates the risk of early-age cracking during hardening by comparing the induced stresses to the concretes mechanical tensile strength at equal maturities.<BR><BR>The input parameters used are the temperatures and maturities generated by the 4C-Temp simulation and the pre-established early-age mechanical properties of the concrete as a function of maturity (thermal expansion coefficient, shrinkage, E-modulus and Poisson´s ratio, creep and tensile strength). In addition, the loads and support conditions are taken into account.</SPAN><BR><BR><div align='center'><img src='images/TempStress.gif'></div><br><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Provided the parameters for simulation match the realities the general conclusion is that the 4C-Stress software gives a good indication of the risk of early-age cracking for a stress / strength ratio exceeding 0.8.</SPAN><P>", "4C-Heat, 4-C Temp and 4C-Stress", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=22", "Durability"],
		    [137, 22, "images/guardian.gif", "Guardian", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>With Guardian the temperatures, temperature differences and maturity are measured during hardening of a structure at critical locations, e.g. identified by the 4C-Temp and 4C-Stress simulations.<BR><BR>The Guardian allows strength estimation at an early-age as well, provided the strength-maturity relationship for the concrete mix in question has been established and programmed into the software.<BR><BR>Alarms stored in the Guardian software alert the operator if pre-set temperatures or temperature differences have been reached.<BR><BR>Also, the Guardian features automatic control of cooling or heating measures tailored by the 4C-Temp or the 4C-Stress simulations.<BR><BR>The Guardian can perform other registration and surveillance tasks as well, e.g. registration of wind velocity, air pressure, water levels, strains, corrosion parameters and crack movement.</SPAN><BR><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Thermocouples are installed at the locations decided upon and connected to the data logger. The Guardian software is installed in a PC with Windows 95 or higher. Logging of the temperatures takes place from the time of casting, either by a cable connection between the logger and the PC or by a modem allowing remote monitoring of the temperatures measured.<BR><div align='center'><img src='images/guardian1.gif'></div><BR>Several users may be working on the same project simultaneously allowing e.g. definition of the measuring task at one site at the same time as monitoring is conducted at another.<BR><BR>The data logger kept on-site in a watertight casing operates in all kinds of weather conditions.<P>Each logger has 12 channels with extension possibility to 48 channels by means of a multi-plexer. The amount of data is only limited by the RAM size of the PC. The unit has a back-up battery ensuring continuous operation should a power shortage occur.<BR></SPAN><div align='center'><img src='images/guardian2.gif'></div><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The temperature registration is accurate within ±5 % and the maturity is calculated according to the Arrhenius equation for maturity.</SPAN><P>", "Guardian", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=22", "Durability"],
		    [138, 23, "images/COMAMeter.gif", "COMA-Meter", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>With the COMA-Meter (COncrete MAturity-Meter) the maturity of newly cast concrete is measured at a depth of 80 mm from the surface, for the purposes of <BR><BR><UL><LI>Evaluating the compressive strength at an early age for a pre-established maturity-strength relationship</LI><LI>Timing of pullout testing with LOK-TEST for early-age strength measurement</LI><LI>Evaluating the curing conditions</LI><LI>Evaluating freezing of the concrete at an early age</LI></UL></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>A capillary tube contains a liquid that evaporate according the Arrhenius equation for maturity. The closed tube is placed on a scale threaded into a transparent container. Following casting of the concrete the capillary tube is snapped at the zero mark on the scale, threaded in the container and pressed into the fresh concrete.<BR><BR>The temperature of the concrete will quickly stabilize with the temperature in the container. Evaporation of the liquid in the capillary tube will take place at a rate determined by the temperature and time. The level of the liquid, readable on the scale, measures the maturity. The maturity is stated in M20 units, the number of days at 20C the concrete is old.<BR></SPAN><BR><div align='center'><img src='images/meter1.gif'></div><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The measuring ranges of the two types of COMA-Meters are 0-5 M20 days for the COMA-5 and 0-14 M20 days for the COMA-14.<BR><BR>The scale allows the maturity to be estimated within ±0.1 M20 days. The meter is accurate within ± 5% compared to temperature readings and subsequent maturity calculations as shown above.<BR><BR>The activation energy E is for the Coma-Meter 40 kJ/Mol.</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Testing examples</SPAN><BR><table><TR><TD><img src='images/meter2.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>Maturity measured by the COMA-Meter prior to in-place strength testing with LOK-TEST for early form removal.</span></TD><TD><img src='images/meter3.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>COMA-Meter installed in a concrete welding joint for strength indication before stripping of forms in cold weather conditions.</span></TD></TR></table><P></SPAN>", "COMA-Meter", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=23", "Fast Track Construction"],
		    [139, 23, "images/ComaLogger.gif", "COMA-Logger", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>With the COMA-Logger (COncrete MAturity-Logger) the temperature history, temperature profiles and the maturity of hardening concrete is measured at any depth in a structure to evaluate the strength development.</SPAN><BR><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The strength vs. maturity relationship for the concrete mix to be used is established prior to start-up of the project.<p><DIV><img src='images/logger1.gif'></div><P>Maturity loggers (size 30 mm in diameter, 35 mm long) containing a memory, a temperature sensor, a microcomputer and a 6 moths battery are cast into the concrete with wires extending through the formwork. Each logger autonomously records the temperature history and calculates current maturity.<p><DIV><img src='images/logger2.gif'></div><P>Transfer of the data in the COMA-Logger is done to a handheld reader on-site. Subsequently, the reader data is downloaded to a PC for ducumentation. <P><div><img src='images/logger3.gif'></div></SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The operating temperature is from -18C to +85C. The precision of the temperature registration is ±1C. The maturity integration period is for each 15 minutes.<P>The maturity calculated is either according to the Nurse-Saul equation or according to Arrhenius. The stored historical temperature and maturity points are at start, 4 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days and 7 days.<P>The variation on the maturity measured is within ±2% for the same temperature history.</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Testing examples</SPAN><BR><table><TR><TD><img src='images/logger4.gif'></TD><TD><img src='images/logger5.gif'></TD></TR><TR align='center'><TD colspan=2><span class='normaltext'>The COMA-Logging is progress on a bridge deck for early form removal</SPAN></TD></TR></table><P>", "COMA-Logger", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=23", "Fast Track Construction"],
		    [140, 23, "images/LokTest.gif", "LOK-TEST", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The LOK-TEST measures accurately the compressive strength in-place of newly cast structures for <P><UL><LI>Evaluating the timing of safe and early loading operations of maturing elements or structures</LI><LI>Evaluating the quality of the critical cover layer protecting the reinforcement in the finished structure</LI></UL></SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>A steel disc, 25 mm in diameter positioned 25 mm from the surface is pulled centrally against a 55 mm inner diameter counter pressure on the surface. The concrete in the strut between the disc and the counter pressure is being compressed; hence the pull force F is a direct measure of the compressive strength. Loading is performed either to a required force, in which case the test is nondestructive, or to the peak-load, only generating a slightly raised 55 mm circumferential crack on the surface. The disc has to be cast into the concrete beforehand. A number of LOK-TEST inserts are available for this purpose, either attached to the formwork or for floating in the top faces of castings.</SPAN><P><div align='center'><img src='images/lok1.gif'></div><P><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The special feature of the LOK-TEST is that an accurate estimation of the strength on-site can be obtained, as the peak-force (the pull-out force) correlates accurately to the compressive strength measured by standard cylinders or cubes in the laboratory. More than 25 years of calibration experience from all over the world, comprising numerous major correlations, indicates one general correlation to standard specimen strength as shown below for all normal concrete mixes. Only for the use of lightweight aggregates another correlation has been found.<P>On a 95% confidence level, and for an average of 4 tests, the precision of the LOK-TEST estimate on normal concrete is within ± 6% compared to standard specimen tests (cylinders or cubes) for a maximum aggregate size of 38 mm using the general correlations indicated.<P>The variation of the LOK-TEST is in the range of ± 8% on normal concrete.</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Testing examples</SPAN><BR><table><TR><TD width='50%'><img src='images/lok2.gif'><span class='normaltext'><BR>LOK-TEST being performed on a wall for quality control of the finished structure. H on the display indicates the Highest pull force obtained. The L-40 Control Insert is used</span></TD><TD width='50%'><img src='images/lok3.gif'><span class='normaltext'><BR>Testing for in-place concrete quality control on a slab. The L-49 Floating Insert is being used. Maturity is measured with the COMA-Meter inserted in front of the knee of the technician.</span></TD></TR></table>", "LOK-TEST", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=23", "Fast Track Construction"],
		    [141, 24, "images/Capo.gif", "CAPO-TEST", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>As an alternative to testing of cores, to provide a pullout system similar to the LOK-TEST for accurate compressive strength estimates on-site, giving instant compressive strength results for<P><UL><LI>Quality control of the finished structure</LI><LI>Concrete members rejected by laboratory specimen testing</LI><LI>Residual strength of existing structures</LI><LI>Fire damaged structures</LI><LI>Integrity of structures</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>A 18.4 mm hole is cored perpendicular to a plane surface outside reinforcement disturbance. A recess is routed in the hole to a diameter of 25 mm and at a depth of 25 mm. A split ring is expanded in the recess and pulled against a counter pressure, 55 mm inner diameter, placed on the surface concentrically with the ring. The concrete in the strut between the expanded ring and the counter pressure is being compressed; hence the pull force F is a direct measure of the compressive strength, as with the LOK-TEST. The test is partially destructive, as it has to be performed until the cone between the expanded ring and the inner diameter of the counter pressure is dislodged.<BR><div align='center'><img src='images/capo1.gif'></div>Several investigations made the past 25 years have shown the CAPO-TEST to correlate to standard compressive as with the LOK-TEST. The same general correlation between pullout force and cylinder or cube strength applies.</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>On a 95% confidence level, and for an average of 4 tests, the precision on the strength estimate on normal concrete is within ± 6% compared to standard specimen tests (cylinders, cubes or cores) for a maximum aggregate size of 38 mm by using the general correlations<P>On normal concrete the variation of the CAPO-TEST is in the range of ± 8%.<P>Most importantly, the CAPO-TEST, as the LOK-TEST, is not affected by stresses standing in the structure. One such investigation on 10 bridges tested in critical loaded zones produced the following results comparing compression tests of cores to CAPO-TEST on the structure and Schmidt Rebound Hammer on the structure as well as on the cores in the lab, c.f. Moczko, A.: Comparison between compressive strength tests from cores, CAPO-TEST and Schmidt Hammer, Wroclaw Technical University, Poland, 2002.</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Testing examples</SPAN><BR><table><TR><TD width='50%'><img src='images/capo2.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>Capo-Test for strength of tunnel lining elements rejected by standard cubes</span></TD><TD width='50%'><img src='images/capo3.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>Testing for strength with Capo-Test of a fire damaged supporting wall</SPAN></TD></TR></table><P>", "CAPO-TEST", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=24", "Structural Integrity"],
		    [142, 24, "images/GWT.gif", "GWT", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The GWT is used for on-site evaluation of <P><UL><LI>The skin-concrete of the finished structure</LI><LI>The water permeation of concrete, mortar, bricks and joints</LI><LI>The water tightness of construction joints</LI><LI>Effectiveness of water proofing membranes</lI></UL> </SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Water is pressurized to the surface of a material and the water permeation is measured.<P>A pressure chamber containing a watertight gasket is secured tightly to the surface by two anchored clamping pliers or by means of a suction plate. The gasket may optionally be glued to the surface.<P>The chamber is filled with water and the valves closed. The top lid of the chamber is turned until a desired water pressure is achieved.<P>The pressure selected is maintained by means of a micrometer gauge pressing a piston into the chamber, substituting the water penetrating into the material.<p>The travel of the piston over time is used for characterizing the permeation of the surface tested.</SPAN><P><div align='center'><img src='images/GWT1.gif'></div><P><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>No precision statement has been published on the GWT. The variation on the estimate is within ±10 %.</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Testing examples</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'></SPAN><P><table><tr><TD width='50%'><img src='images/GWT.gif'></TD><TD width='50%'><img src='images/GWT2.gif'><TD></TR><TR><TD colspan='2'><span class='normaltext'>High performance concrete being tested with the GWT. The four cone holes shown adjacent are from CAPO-TEST. At a pressure of 1 BAR (right photo) water was observed to penetrate through surface cracks. After grinding 1.5 mm deep the test was repeated (left photo), and the pressure increased to 5 BAR. No penetration through cracks was observed. A water flux of 1.3 * 10^-5mm/s was measured. </SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD><BR><img src='images/GWT3.gif'></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>The GWT used for testing the water tightness of a brick wall. During raining and for a normal wind pressure water had penetrated the wall. The problem showed to be the related to the bricks, not to the mortar joints. The bricks had been burned at a higher temperature than normal to produce a required color, but at the same time caused the bricks to become highly permeable. </SPAN></TD></TR></table><P>", "GWT", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=24", "Structural Integrity"],
		    [143, 24, "images/GGT.gif", "GGT", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>With the GGT (German´s Gas permeation Test) the purpose is to evaluate on-site the CO2 penetrability of<P><UL><LI>the cover layer of new or existing structure</LI><LI>areas where a CO2 protective membrane has been applied</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>A pressure sensor is installed at an angle of 45 degrees to the testing surface. CO2 gas is pressurized to the surface and the sensor pressure recorded over time. The permeation relative to the porosity of the concrete is determined by graphs.<P>The test rig illustrated is secured to the surface by means of two adjustable, anchored clamping pliers. The rig contains a gasket being pressurized against the surface. If needed, the gasket may be glued to the face.<P>Coring of the sensor hole takes place with a water-cooled diamond drill bit at a given distance from the gasket (15, 20 or 25 mm). The sensor is inserted in the cored hole, expanded and checked for air-tightness.<P>The CO2 surface pressure is 1, 2 or 3 BAR and the time of testing is normally 2, 5 or 10 minutes.<P>Adjacent is shown a GGT test being performed on a concrete surface to be applied with a CO2 arresting coating. Testing is repeated after the application.<P>Alternatively, oxygen can be used. </SPAN><table><TR><TD width='50%'><img src='images/GGT1.gif'></TD><TD width='50%'><img src='images/GGT.gif'></TD></table><P>", "CGT", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=24", "Structural Integrity"],
		    [144, 24, "images/CrackScope.gif", "CrackScope", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>With the CrackScope CS-100 the width of surface opening cracks can be measured accurately as well as the depth of surface holes or irregularities. </SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The CrackScope is a small size, lightweight and conveniently portable microscope with a magnification of 25 times. It has a build-in scale for crack-width measurement and another scale on the focusing adjustment ring for depth indication. </SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Accuracy</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The magnification of the CrackScope is 25 times. The build-in scale is from 0 to 3 mm with a least division of 0.05 mm, allowing the width of cracks to be estimated within an accuracy of ±0.0025 mm. By reading the scale engraved on the focusing ring and the needle of the lens barrel, depths can be measured with an accuracy of ±0.05 mm. </SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Testing example</SPAN><P><table><TR><TD width='50%'><img src='images/Crack1.gif'></TD><TD width='50%'><img src='images/Crack2.gif'></TD></Tr></table><P>", "CrackScope", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=24", "Structural Integrity"],
		    [145, 24, "images/smash.gif", "s'MASH", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Rapid, nondestructive screening for integrity of structures with an easy-to-operate and simple field system producing immediate results on-site, has for a long time been on the wish list of NDT engineers and technicians. <P>The s´MASH Impulse Response offer a system for this purpose, the idea being to conduct quick screening for flaws and identifying suspect areas nondestructively, for later detailed analysis, e.g. by impact-echo, or for visual inspection of drilled out cores. With the s´MASH speedy evaluation can be conducted of <P><UL><LI>Voiding beneath concrete slabs in highways, spillways and floors</LI><LI>Curling of plates</LI><LI>Anchoring of panels</LI><LI>Delaminations and honeycombing in bridge decks, slabs, walls and large structures such as dams, chimney stacks and silos</LI><LI>Freeze-thaw damage</LI><LI>Presence of ASR</LI><LI>Debonding of asphalt, concrete overlays and patches from concrete substrates</LI><LI>Quality of stress transfer through load transfer systems across joints in concrete structures</LI></UL> <P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The s´MASH uses a low-strain impact with an instrumented rubber tipped hammer to send stress waves through the tested element. The element acts in a bending mode and a velocity transducer, placed adjacent to the impact point, receives this response. Both the hammer and the velocity transducer are linked to a portable field computer with s´MASH software for data acquisition, processing and storage.<P>Both the time trace of the hammer force and the velocity transducer are processed into frequency using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm. Dividing the resultant velocity spectrum by the force spectrum then derives the “mobility”. An example of such a mobility plot is given below for a solid concrete member.<P><div align='center'><img src='images/smash1.gif'></div><P>The parameters used for the integrity evaluation are <P><UL><LI>the dynamic stiffness (the inverse of the slope below 80 Hz of the mobility plot, the red line)</LI><LI>the average mobility and the mobility slope (the dotted green line)</LI><LI>voids ratio (the ratio between the initial mobility peak to the average mobility)</LI></UL> <P>Typical flaw signals are shown above. The left figure illustrates a signal indicating a void beneath a slab compared to a solid signal of the slab. The right figure represents a honeycombed signal from a silo wall, also compared to a solid mobility plot. The parameters are compared in the s´MASH software in color graphics, one sheet for each parameter. This is done on-site after the testing has been completed, producing immediate information of the presence of anomalies.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The flaw signals illustrated above have been explained by analytical modeling. The variation of the signals obtained, evaluated by the color plotting of the s´MASH parameters, is in the range of 5-10%.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Testing examples</SPAN><BR><table><TR><TD width='50%'><img src='images/Smash2.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>A 180 m circumferential tank being tested for joint tightness</SPAN></TD><TD width='50%'><img src='images/Smash3.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>Limestone cladding being tested for cracks and debonding from its back-up structure on a high-rise </SPAN></TD></TR></table><P>", "s'MASH", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=24", "Structural Integrity"],
		    [146, 24, "images/DOCTOR.gif", "DOCter", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Using traditional stress wave methods, such as ultrasound (p. 47), to identify anomalies in structures require access from both faces of a member. Furthermore, it is not possible to estimate the thickness of the member tested or the depth to anomalies.<P>These drawbacks are eliminated by applying a method based on reflection of a wave submitted into the material by testing from only one side, as e.g. with the DOCter Impact-Echo System.<P>Applications of the DOCter Impact-Echo covers:<P><UL><LI>Thickness of members such as pavements, asphalt overlays, slabs-on-grade and walls</LI><LI>Presence and depth of cracks, voids and honeycombing</LI><LI>Voids below slabs</LI><LI>Injection quality of cable ducts</LI><LI>Integrity of a membrane below an asphalt overlay protecting structural concrete</LI><LI>Delamination surveys of bridge decks, piers, cooling towers and chimneystacks</LI><LI>Debonding of overlays and patches</LI><LI>ASR and freeze-thaw damages</LI><LI>Depth of surface opening cracks, e.g. after a fire damage</LI><LI>NDT evaluation of early age strength development</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><div align='center'><img src='images/doctor1.gif'></div><BR><span class='normaltext'><P>A short-duration stress pulse is introduced into the member by mechanical impact. The impactors are steel balls with diameters ranging between 2 to 15 mm, generating maximum useful frequencies up to 100 kHz and up to 15 kHz, respectively.<P>Three types of waves are generated, the P-wave, the S-wave and the surface R-wave. The P-wave will, when reaching a material with another acoustic impedance be reflected, return to the surface, etc., producing multiple surface responses. A sensitive displacement transducer picks up the successive arrivals of the P-wave to the surface.<P>The successive arrivals of the P-wave to the surface is analyzed into frequency f by which the thickness T - or the depth to a defect - can be estimated by the equation:<P><div align='center'><img src='images/doctor2.gif'></div><P>Cp being the wave speed.<P>In an example, a frequency 11.47 kHz was measured, producing a thickness estimate of T=185 mm for a wave speed of Cp = 4244 m/s found by surface P-wave speed measurement as illustrated in the lower figure.<P><div align='center'><img src='images/doctor3.gif'></div><P>The wave speed Cp may be estimated by testing over a solid portion of the member with known thickness and subsequently calculating is as Cp = f . 2T.<P>Alternatively, Cp may be measured on the surface with two transducers. With the LONGSHIP, the transducers are placed 300 mm apart with the impactor 150 mm from one of the transducers one the line of both transducers. The time difference ?t between arrival of the P-wave running on the surface to the two transducers is recorded, and divided into the distance L (300 mm) between the transducers. In the figure below ?t =67 µsec was measured, producing a plate P-wave speed of 0.96 . 300 mm / 67 µsec = 4297 m/s.<P><div align='center'><img src='images/doctor4.gif'></div><P>For testing of flaws the identified solid frequency is compared to the actual measured one. Should there be a flaw of a limited nature, the P-wave will partly run around it - by which the main frequency will drop – and partly be reflected from the flaw, producing a higher frequency. Positioning the red cursor at this frequency in the upper figure page 42 will generate the depth to the flaw. <P>For a large flaw the P-wave will only be reflected from the flaw, producing a higher frequency than the identified solid frequency.<P>For testing of the depth of surface opening cracks a transducer setup as indicated in the figure below is applied, upper left window. The spacing A1 and A are 50 mm with the LONGSHIP.<P><div align='center'><img src='images/doctor5.gif'></div><P>Upon arrival of the P-wave to the first transducer the response will be an upward movement. At the second transducer the P-wave will produce a downward movement on the response, as the P-wave reflected from the bottom of the crack will be a tension wave. Placing the cursors as indicated will measure the time difference between arrival of the P-wave to the two transducers. By means of the equation shown at the upper right corner the depth of the surface opening crack is estimated.<P>In this case a crack depth of 87 mm on a fire damaged structure was estimated for a time difference of 35 µsec and a P-wave speed of 3155 m/s.<P><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>For the same P-wave speed the error on the thickness estimate, after calibrating Cp through thickness measurement, is ± 1.2% with the DOCter system.<P>The systematic error when performing surface P-wave speed prior to thickness measurement is ± 3.2%.<P>The depth of surface opening cracks can be estimated within ± 4%.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Testing examples</SPAN><P><table><TR><TD width='50%'><img src='images/doctor6.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>Testing for voids beneath a sludge basins sprayed concrete plate </SPAN></TD><TD width='50%'><img src='images/doctor7.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>Sewer tubes being tested for delaminations and honeycombs</SPAN></TD></TR></table><P>", "DOCter", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=24", "Structural Integrity"],
		    [147, 24, "images/pundit.gif", "Pundit Plus", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Measuring the through-going transit time of a 54 kHz sound wave in concrete elements with known thickness allow estimation of the concrete velocity and the modulus of elasticity.</LI><LI>Alternatively, concrete uniformity can be evaluated as well as presence of cracks, cavities and damage from fire or frost.</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>An acoustic wave is submitted into the material tested by means of a piezoelectric transducer (transmitter) and picked up by another piezoelectric transducer (receiver) placed on the other side of the object tested. The transmitted and the transducer need to be coupled to the surface by a grease or a gel couplant.<P>The transit time is measured in micro seconds (µs). Calculation of the wave speed is made subsequently for a known distance between the transducers.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The range of the transit time measurement is from 0.1 µs to 9,999 µs. The precision on the measurement is ±0.1 µs. On homogeneous concrete the variation on the wave speed estimate is normally within ± 50 m/s.<P></SPAN>", "Pundit Plus", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=24", "Structural Integrity"],
		    [148, 24, "images/ERUDITE.gif", "ERUDITE", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Determination of the dynamic modulus of elasticity and rigidity, the dynamic Poisson´s ratio and estimation of the ultrasonic pulse velocity on specimens in the laboratory</LI><LI>Automatically measures the fundamental longitudinal, torsional and resonant frequencies and calculates the damping constant Q</LI><LI>For quality control use to test materials such as concrete, carbon, graphite and ceramics</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>A specimen of the material to be tested is mounted in the ERUDITE bench as illustrated below. On one side of the specimen is positioned an acoustic vibrator and on the other side an accelerometer. A generator drives the acoustic vibrator and vibrations are picked up by the accelerometer allowing the material to be assessed by its elastic properties. <P>In the Manual Mode precise control of the output voltage and frequency is obtained. This mode is normally used when setting up an experiment to determine the correct driver voltage, or range of frequencies for a particular specimen. It is also used for measuring the resonant frequency and Q-value manually, or for examining the driver and sensor signals on an oscilloscope.<P>With the Automatic Mode the resonant frequency, the two 3dB frequencies and the Q-value are found automatically. The user enters a range of frequencies to sweep through. The step size, the driver voltage and the electronics unit does the rest. If a resonant frequency is found, this is displayed with the two 3dB frequencies and the Q-value.<P> <P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The measured frequency range is from 1 Hz to 100 kHz with the following precision: 1-100 Hz: 0.01 Hz, 100-1000 Hz: 0.1 Hz, 1000 Hz-10000 Hz: 1 Hz and >10 kHz: 10 Hz. The variation on the parameters determined is within ±1%. <P></SPAN>", "ERUDITE", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=24", "Structural Integrity"],
		    [149, 24, "images/CORECASE.gif", "CORECASE", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Quickly to produce accurate-in-diameter and straight drilled cores perpendicular to the surface with a portable, lightweight coring rig for<P><UL><LI>Visual inspection of flaws identified by NDT methods such as the s’MASH Impulse Response and the DOCter Impact-Echo</LI><LI>Conducting pull-off test with BOND-TEST of the partially drilled core</LI><LI>Laboratory investigations of cores such as with the PROOVE’it, the RapidAir or petrographical analysis</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>A Coring barrel with a thin-section, high performance diamond bit is attached to a water cooled drill rig weighing between 1.8 kg to 3.5 kg. The drill rig is centrally pushing the drill barrel forward avoiding any bending forces during drilling. Between the drill machine and the barrel rod is inserted a coupling with plastic insert eliminating vibrations on the diamonds, ensuring a long diamond bit life and a smooth core surface. The drill rig is kept securely perpendicular to the surface either by adjustable clamps anchored to the surface or by a suction plate.<P>The end result is a quickly drilled core, smooth on the surface, accurate-in-diameter and drilled perfectly straight.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Examples</SPAN><BR><BR><table><TR><TD width='50%'><img src='images/CORECASE1.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>Coring with the CS-75 coring rig clamped to the surface</SPAN></TD><TD width='50%'><img src='images/CORECASE2.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>The CS-75 coring rig attached to the suction plate, prior to conducting BOND-TEST</SPAN></</TD></TR></table><P>", "CORECASE", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=24", "Structural Integrity"],
		    [150, 24, "images/Covermeters.gif", "Covermeters", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>With the covermeters described magnetic materials such as steel in reinforced concrete structures are evaluated for the purpose of <P><UL><LI>Location of the steel in structures such as reinforcement and cable ducts</LI><LI>Measuring the depth of the cover to the reinforcement</LI><LI>Estimate the size of the reinforcement</lI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><div align='center'><img src='images/Covermeters1.gif'></div><P><span class='normaltext'>A search head placed on the surface briefly magnetizes the steel in structures. The magnetizing pulse is inducing a circulating Eddy Current in the steel. At the end of the pulse the Eddy Current dies away, creating a magnetic field as an echo of the initial pulse. The search head measures the intensity of the induced field as it dies away, and the signal is processed.<P>This technique is uniquely stable, is not affected by moisture in concrete or magnetic aggregates, and is immune to temperature variations and electrical interference.<P>The depth to the steel, the size and the orientation of it, relative to the search head, determines the magnitude of the Eddy Current.<P>The orientation of the steel is first found, after which the search head is placed over it in the longitudinal direction. Measurement of the depth to the rebar, the cover, takes place subsequently, followed by estimation of the rebar size (for the CM52 and the CM9).<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>The covermeters</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Three covermeters are available, the Rebar Plus, the CM52 CoverMaster and the CM9 Microprocessor CoverMaster.<P></SPAN>", "Covermeters", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=24", "Structural Integrity"],
		    [151, 24, "images/TestHammer1.jpg", "Concrete Test Hammer- SCHMIDT", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The concrete test hammers are used for the non-destructive measurement of the concrete/mortar compressive strength and the control of the uniform concrete quality (in situ concrete and prefabricated structures) as well as for detecting weak spots.<P>The compressive fc is established by measuring the hardness (rebound value R) of the concrete surface and with the conversion curves.<P>According to the form and sizes of the concrete structures, concrete test hammers with various impact energies can be used (lower impact energy for thin and/or weak components).<P>Types with paper strips can automatically register the rebound values on a paper strip.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The types N, NR, ND, L, LR, LD are suited for measuring the compressive strength of concrete of 10N/mm2 up to 70mm2.<P>The pendulum hammers Type P and PT are suited for low compressive strength of 0,5N/mm2.<P>The type PM has been specially designed to measure the mortar in masonry.<P></SPAN>", "Concrete Test Hammer- SCHMIDT", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=24", "Structural Integrity"],
		    [152, 25, "images/RCT & RCTW.gif", "RCT & RCTW", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>On-site, accurately and quickly to test the chloride content of concrete for<P><UL><LI>Establishing the chloride profile for service life estimation</LI><LI>Establishing the depth of removal of a chloride contaminated surface layer</LI><LI>Diagnosing a structure for corrosion activity, e.g. in combination with the Mini Great Dane, the GalvaPulse and the Rainbow Indicator</LI><LI>Monitoring the chloride content during electrochemical removal of chlorides</LI><LI>Measuring the chloride content of fresh concrete and/or its constituents</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>A sample of concrete is obtained by drilling/grinding from the structure, or from the fresh concrete, mixed into a distinct amount of extraction liquid and shaken for five minutes. The extraction liquid removes disturbing ions, e.g. sulfide ions, and extracts the chloride ions in the sample.<P>A calibrated electrode is submerged into the solution to determine the amount of chlorides expressed as percentage of concrete mass.<P>The test is either the RCT (Rapid Chloride Test) for acid soluble chlorides, or the RCTW (Rapid Chloride Test Water) for water-soluble chlorides, using different kinds of extraction liquids. Both hardened and fresh concrete can be tested with the system for chlorides.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and accuracy</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Numerous correlations have during the past 15 years been made between RCT and standard laboratory potentiometric titration as the AASHTO T-260, ASTM C 144-81, DS 423.28 or NS 3671. Below are illustrated such correlations made by various laboratories in the Scandinavian countries and the USA.<P><div><img src='images/RCT1.gif'></div><P>In a recent comparison, the Swedish National Testing Institute produced concrete powders containing known amount of chlorides induced in the concrete by diffusion. The powders were made from concretes with different binders as illustrated in the table below. Testing, according to AASHTO T 260 standard laboratory potentiometric titration was done by five certified Scandinavian laboratories, and by RCT in parallel.<P><div><img src='images/RCT2.gif'></div><P>The RCT readings were taken after the extraction samples with dissolved concrete powder had been left over-night for full extraction. Alternatively, if the result is needed after 5 minutes of shaking the vial, a correction factor has to be applied.<P>The precision of the RCT compared to the known amount of chlorides is as good as with the AASHTO T 260 potentiometric titration. The average deviation of the RCT from the known amount of chlorides is within ± 4%.<P>For repeated testing with the RCT on the same concrete powder the normal variation on the test results is in average ± 5%.<P>With the RCTW for water soluble chlorides a similar close agreement as with the RCT, in terms of precision and accuracy, has been found to standard titration tests in the laboratory.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Testing examples</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Chloride profiles measured with the RCT are illustrated in the Profile Grinder section.<P><div align='center'><img src='images/RCT3.gif'></div><P>Adjacent is shown two other profiles, obtained after profile grinding in-situ on a highway bridge column subjected four years to deicing salts. The concrete powders produced at depth increments of 1-2 mm were analyzed for acid soluble chlorides by the RCT and for water soluble chlorides with the RCTW. The depth of carbonation was measured with the Rainbow Indicator to be 2 mm, corresponding to the initial peaks of the chloride profiles produced.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Extra Parts</SPAN><BR><BR><table><TR><TD width='50%'><img src='images/RCT4.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>RCT-1030 set of calibration liquids &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN></TD><TD width='50%'><img src='images/RCT5.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>RCT-1000-1 EWA </SPAN></TD></TR></table><P><span class='normaltext'>It is recommended always to have one extra set of clean RCT-1030 set of calibration liquids at hand to make sure the chloride electrode is working properly should deviations from the usual obtained calibration values occur. The RCT-1000-1 EWA (Electrode Wetting Agent) contains 300 ml for refill of the RCT-1000 EWA bottle with spout fitting the electrode hole.<P>The RCT-1032 mixing container and cup is for testing of fresh concrete.<P></SPAN>", "RCT & RCTW", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=25", "Corosion Survey"],
		    [153, 25, "images/Deep Purple and Rainbow Indicator.gif", "Deep Purple and Rainbow Indicator", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Testing of the depth of carbonation or the carbonation profile for<P><UL><LI>Corrosion surveys to evaluate the cause of corrosion</LI><LI>Service life estimation where carbonation is critical</LI><LI>Monitoring the effect of re-alkalization of the cover layer</LI><LI>From the depth of carbonation to estimate roughly the strength for a given relative humidity</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Testing principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air will, when it penetrates the concrete, react with the calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) in the cement paste producing calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and cause the alkalinity of the paste to decrease. In this manner the protective film around the reinforcement at a pH of 13 will be lost at a pH of about 9, and corrosion will start out if sufficient moisture and oxygen are present.<P>To measure the pH of the cement paste a freshly broken piece of concrete, or a newly cut out core is sprayed with the indicators, and allowed to dry. The pH is then revealed by colors as illustrated below.<P><div><img src='images/Indicator1.gif'></div><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The carbonation front measured with the Deep Purple Indicator is determined within a pH range of 8.5 to 9.5 as stated above.<P>The Rainbow Indicator was correlated to detection of carbonation by thin section analysis for a wide range of concrete mixes with varying slump, presence or absence of calcium chloride or fly-ash, different water-cement ratios, varying degree of consolidation and finishing, published in:<P>Campbell, D.H., Sturm, R.D. and Kosmatka, S.H.: Detecting Carbonation, Concrete Technology Today, Vol. 12/Number 1, March 1991, Portland Cement Association, USA<P>For a depth of carbonation indicated by the green color at a pH of 9, the finding is that the Rainbow Indicator produce the same results as the thin section analysis.<P>On normal concrete the variation of the carbonation front is in the range of ± 10% to ± 15%.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Testing examples</SPAN><P><div><img src='images/Indicator2.gif'></div><P><span class='normaltext'>The depth of carbonation evaluated by the Deep Purple Indicator. An average depth of carbonation of 16 mm was measured</span><P>", "Deep Purple and Rainbow Indicator", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=25", "Corosion Survey"],
		    [154, 25, "images/Mini Great Dane.gif", "Mini Great Dane", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The electrochemical activity of the reinforcement is measured for<P><UL><LI>Condition surveys of suspect reinforced (RC) structures to identify areas with corrosion for further analysis (testing for chlorides, depth of carbonation, flaws, permeation, break up, etc.) to establish the cause of deterioration and to come up with service life estimation</LI><LI>Monitoring RC structures for corrosion activity</LI><LI>Checking the effect of re-alkalization or electrochemical removal of chlorides</LI><LI>Testing the corrosion activity in repaired areas</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Reinforcement in concrete will not corrode if the protective film formed by the highly alkaline condition of the pore fluid with a pH of about 13 is maintained. The passivity layer may, however, be destroyed by e.g. chlorides or carbonation. Then corrosion may occur in the presence of moisture and oxygen.<P><div align='center'><img src='images/mini1.gif'></div><P>During the corrosion process anodic and cathodic areas are formed on the reinforcement causing dissolution of the steel and formation of expansive corrosion products at the anode.<P>The rate of corrosion is controlled by how easily the electrons pass through the concrete from the anode to the cathode and how easy oxygen is diffusing.<P>A large potential gradient associated with a low concrete resistance will normally indicate a high corrosion rate, except in areas with plenty of moist.<P>The Mini Great Dane measures manually the potentials (Ag/AgCl) by a DC current and the electrical resistance by an AC current between the electrode positioned on the surface and the reinforcement. The risk of corrosion is evaluated by means of the steepness of the potential gradients and the level of the electrical resistance as indicated below. The indicated potentials (P) are Cu/CuSO4 potentials, -110 mV lower than the Ag/AgCl´s.<P><div align='center'><img src='images/mini2.gif'></div><P>Following identification of the areas with the lowest potential and electrical resistance additional tests are performed to establish the cause of corrosion, e.g. testing for chlorides and carbonation. Furthermore, the concrete is opened at a couple of hot spots. The actual degree of reinforcement corrosion is correlated to the readings, and the remaining cross section of the reinforcement measured. After identification of the cause of corrosion and establishment of the critical profiles for the harmful substances in question service life estimation may be performed, e.g. based on diffusion theory modeling.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>A precision statement in relation to corrosion activity with the Mini Great Dane is not possible other than the relative indication as illustrated on the previous page.<P>The variation of the mV readings with the Ag/AgCl measuring electrode supplied with the Mini Great Dane is normally within ± 5 mV. The electrical resistance variation is less than ± 5%.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Testing example</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The access slabs of a housing complex had for 18 years been subjected to de-icing salts. No major rust stains or spalling were observed.<P>The adjacent figure illustrates the electrical resistance and the potentials, transformed to Cu/CuSO4 values, measured with the Mini Great Dane on one of the slabs.<P>The relative low electrical resistance towards the railings indicates a water saturated concrete and/or the presence of chlorides in the pore system. A distinct potential gradient is noted from the wall towards the railing.<P>Opening of the concrete at a couple of locations towards the railing revealed heavy corrosion of the rebars with a 10-20% reduction of the cross section.<P>Based on further testing with the RCT and the Rainbow Indicator service life calculations were made and the repair strategy decided on.<P><div align='center'><img src='images/mini3.gif'></div></SPAN><P>", "Mini Great Dane", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=25", "Corosion Survey"],
		    [155, 25, "images/GalvaPulse.gif", "GalvaPulse", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Reliably to measure the reinforcement corrosion for<P><UL><LI>Service life estimation</LI><LI>Evaluating the efficiency of corrosion arresting measures such as application of inhibitors, membranes or electrochemical removal of chlorides</LI><LI>Condition surveys of suspect reinforced structures, especially structures in wet environment where the classic potential mapping may provide misleading and/or insufficient information</LI><LI>Monitoring RC structures for corrosion activity</LI><LI>Testing the corrosion activity in repaired areas</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Priniciple</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The reinforcement corrosion is evaluated by the corrosion rate stating how much steel is being dissolved in µm/year (10^-3mm/year). In addition, half-cell potentials and the electrical resistance of the cover layer is measured.<P>The principle of the corrosion rate measurement is the following.<P><div ><img src='images/GalvaPulse1.gif'</div><P>An anodic current pulse I is imposed on the reinforcement from a counter electrode placed on the concrete surface. A guard ring confines the current to an area A of the reinforcement below the central counter electrode. <P>The applied current is usually in the range of 5 to 400 µA and the typical pulse duration is 5-10 seconds. The reinforcement is polarized in the anodic direction compared to its free corrosion potential. With a Ag/AgCl reference electrode the resulting change of the electrochemical potential of the reinforcement is recorded as a function of time. A typical potential response for a corroding reinforcement is shown in the right figure above.<P>When the constant current I is applied to the system, an ohm´ic potential drop I*ROhm occur as well as a polarization of the reinforcement I*Rp. The polarization resistance of the reinforcement Rp is calculated. By means of the Stern Geary equation for active corrosion Icorr =26/Rp and Faraday’s law of electrochemical equivalence, the corrosion rate is estimated as:<P><div align='center'><img src='images/GalvaPulse2.gif'></div><P>with the corrosion rate given in µm/year (0.001mm/year). Icorr is the corrosion current in µA and A the confined area of the reinforcement in cm^2 below the central counter electrode. The factor 11.6 is for black steel.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The half-cell potentials measured with the Ag/AgCl electrode is within ± 5 mV from a calibrated one. The electrical resistance variation is less than ± 5%.<P>The precision of the corrosion can only be evaluated by comparison to actual weight loss measurement of the reinforcement subjected to long term corrosion conditions.<P>One such laboratory investigation produced the following comparison between corrosion rates calculated from weight loss measurements and the GalvaPulse, c.f. Baessler,R. & Burkert,A.: Laboratory Testing of Portable Equipment, Brite/Euram Project Integrated Monitoring System for Durability Assessment of Concrete Structures, BAM (Federal Institute for Materials and Testing), Berlin, Germany, 2001<P><div align='center'><img src='images/GalvaPulse3.gif'></div><P>The findings support the general conclusion that the GalvaPulse in anodic areas is accurate well within a factor of two for estimating the corrosion rate. In addition should be taken into account the practical uncertainties when testing on site, e.g. the actual area of the reinforcement being polarized and the variation over time in corrosion rates related to temperature and moisture variations.<P>In passive reinforcement areas (corrosion rates < 1 µm/year) the GalvaPulse will overestimate the corrosion rate by a factor of 3-4 times. Such areas are, however, not interesting in terms of corrosion.<P>In another study, a long term field study, 30 year old bridge columns subjected to deicing salts were examined regularly over a 20 years period since the corrosion started out. The chloride levels in the concrete of the bridge were high as well as the humidity. In April 2001, where the last measurements were performed, the temperature was 15°C. The test results are illustrated below.<P><table><TR><TD><img src='images/GalvaPulse4.gif'></TD></TR></table><p>The fairly constant corrosion rates as stated measured over the past 20 years corresponds to a cross section loss of the reinforcement of 20 years times 0.22 mm per year = 4.4 mm.<P>Opening at a couple of locations at the bottom of the columns revealed an approximate 4 mm cross section loss of the reinforcement.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Testing examples</SPAN><BR><BR><table><TR><TD width='50%'><img src='images/GalvaPulse.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>Corrosion activity being evaluated on a bridge wall with the GalvaPulse </SPAN></TD><TD width='50%'><img src='images/GalvaPulse5.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>GalvaPulse testing in progress for corrosion activity of a heavily corroded column </SPAN></TD></TR></TABLE><P>", "GalvaPulse", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=25", "Corosion Survey"],
		    [156, 25, "images/Moisture Encounter.gif", "Moisture Encounter", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>To measure the moisture in concrete or other materials,<P><UL><LI>during condition surveys, e.g. for corrosion investigations or</LI><LI>prior to applying a coating or an overlay on an existing element or floor to check the drying measures</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The Moisture Encounter is a non destructive meter that operates by means of an impedance measurement.<P>Parallel co-planar electrodes fitted with spring-loaded contacts are mounted on the base of the instrument shown adjacent.<P>During operation a low frequency signal is transmitted into the material tested measuring the change in impedance caused by the presence of moisture.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and accuracy</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The detection depth is 15-25 mm. For a concrete strength between 20 MPa - 45 MPa the Moisture Encounter is precise within ±0.5% in the moisture range of 2% to 6% moisture. The variation on concrete with the same moisture content is ~±5%.<P>The presence of chlorides may give erroneous readings. In such cases the relative scale on the meter can be used for ones own calibration conducted by oven-drying comparisons.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Testing example</SPAN><P><table><TR><TD><img src='images/Moisture1.gif'></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>The Moisture Encounter measuring a moisture content of 1.8% on a concrete floor prior to application of an overlay </SPAN></TD></TR></table><P>", "Moisture Encounter", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=25", "Corosion Survey"],
		    [157, 25, "images/CorrosionInstrument1.jpg", "Corrosion Analysing Instrument CANIN", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The instrument is used for a condition analysis of concrete buildings as basis for restoration.<P>It determines the corrosion potential of the reinforcing bars.<P>These electrical tensions measured on large surfaces are stored in a preselected grid in grey levels.<P>The use of individual or wheel electrodes as well as the multiple electrodes system allows a flexible adjusting of the respective measuring.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The measuring data (over 100'000) can be transferred to a printer or a PC for further evaluations.</SPAN>", "Corrosion Analysing Instrument CANIN", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=25", "Corosion Survey"],
		    [158, 26, "images/Bond.gif", "Bond-Test", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The purpose is to measure the<P><UL><LI>Adhesion strength in-situ between a repair overlay and the substrate</LI><LI>Tensile strength of concrete or other materials,</LI><LI>Or to evaluate the compressive strength of concrete using the approximate relationship between tensile strength ft (MPa) and compressive strength fc (MPa):</LI></UL></SPAN><div align='center'><img src='images/bond1.gif'></div><P><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><div align='center'><img src='images/bond2.gif'></div><P><span class='normaltext'>In the BOND-TEST a disc glued on a prepared testing surface is pulled off after a partial core has been cut around the disc. The pull-off force F is related to the adhesion strength or the tensile strength ft by means of the equation:<P><div align='center'><img src='images/bond3.gif'></div><P>where d is the diameter of the partial core.<P>The types of BOND-TEST failures are illustrated above. Failure in the substrate (a) indicates the adhesion strength to be higher than the tensile strength of the substrate. For a failure in the adhesion layer (b) the adhesion strength is measured directly. For a failure in the overlay (c) the adhesion strength is higher than the tensile strength of the overlay.<P>Failure type (a) is the preferred one, as it proves the adhesion strength of the overlay to be higher than the tensile strength of the substrate.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The nature of a BOND-TEST has been investigated in a finite element analyses, c.f. Petersen, C.G., Dahlblom, O. and Worters, P.: Bond-Test of Concrete and Overlays, Procedings, International Conference on NDT in Civil Enginering, University of Liverpool, U.K.,1997.<P>The failure in the BOND-TEST using a 75 mm disc occur at a displacement of 0.02 mm to 0.03 mm and the stresses in the partial core prior to rupture is ~3% lower than the uni-axial tensile strength calculated in the computer modeling.<P>For a disc size of 75 mm in diameter the variation on the test results is about 8-10% on homogeneous concrete with a maximum aggregate size of 38 mm. For a 50 mm disc the variation is 14-16%.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>The BOND-TEST procedure</SPAN><P><table><TR><TD width='50%'><span class='normaltext'>1. Surface planning<P>The surface is planed with a diamond planning wheel to expose the aggregates and to obtain a plane surface.<BR>The center knob is removed by grinding.<BR>The dry surface is steel brushed and any dust/powder is blown away.<BR>To control the operation the suction plate is useful.</SPAN><P></TD><TD width='50%'><img src='images/bond4.gif'><P></TD></TR><TR><TD width='50%'><span class='normaltext'>2. Gluing on the disc<P>A clean disc is glued on the planed, cleaned surface. The GRA glue used has a tensile strength of 10 MPa fully hardened which takes 2-5 minutes at normal temperatures.<BR>The hardening process is observed on the pot in which the two-component GRA is mixed.<BR>In cold weather conditions the concrete surface and the disc is heated using a heat gun.<P></SPAN></TD><TD width='50%'><img src='images/bond5.gif'><P></TD></TR><TR><TD width='50%'><span class='normaltext'>3. Partial coring<P>A partial core is cut perpendicular to the surface with the glued-on disc as a drillmaster (the inner diameter of the coring bit fits the disc diameter). The partial core is cut with the CORECASE (p.49-50) to a depth below the repair-substrate of 25 mm or one-half of the core diameter, whichever is larger (for adhesion strength) or to a depth of 25 mm (for tensile strength).<P></SPAN></TD><TD width='50%'><img src='images/bond6.gif'><P></TD></TR><TR><TD width='50%'><span class='normaltext'>4. Pull-off<P>The disc is pulled off in direct tension with a hydraulic precision instrument with controlled loading rate, resting against a circular counter pressure positioned centrally on the planed surface.<BR>The peak force in kN is recorded and transformed to adhesion/tensile strength by a calibration certificate.<BR>The type of failure (a), (b) or (c) is documented.<P></SPAN></TD><TD width='50%'><img src='images/bond7.gif'><P></TD></TR></table><P><span class='normaltext'>The procedure and the equipments used ensure the test to be performed in direct tension without bending forces involved. Such bending forces are detrimental to pull-off tests and may lower the pull-off results by 20-50%.<P>The discs used (75 mm or 50 mm in diameter) have sufficient stiffness to avoid curving during pull-off.<P>By gluing on the cleaned disc on a planed, dry surface with the GRA glue, the failure is not occurring at the disc / overlay surface.<P></span><span class='subheadertext'>Testing examples<P></SPAN><table><TR><TD width='50%'><img src='images/bond8.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>Bond-Test being performed on granite tiles in a subway station</SPAN></TD><TD width='50%'><img src='images/bond9.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>Testing for adhesion of a runway overlay</SPAN></TD></TR></table><P>", "Bond-Test", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=26", "Repair Quality"],
		    [159, 26, "images/toro.gif", "Toro-Test", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>To evaluate the shear strength of<P><UL><LI>Surface concrete</LI><LI>Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheets or strips adhering to structural concrete</LI><LI>Overlays being subjected to shear forces</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><P><div align='center'><img src='images/toro1.gif'></div><P><span class='normaltext'>A disc with a circular ring, inner diameter 55 mm and outer diameter 75 mm, is glued to the surface using the GRA glue. <P>For testing of concrete the skin surface may be removed to expose the aggregates prior to the test by diamond planning or grinding.<P>For CFRP applications or overlays a double partial core is cut prior to the test with a twin coring bit producing a partial core as illustrated with the diameters fitting the circular ring´s.<P>The ring is twisted off using a torque housing with eccentric loading. The housing is anchored to the surface and the loading takes place with one of the pullmachines illustrated on the previous page.<P>The peak force is registered and correlated to the shear strength as illustrated above.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The shear strength is measured directly, c.f. Petersen, C.G. and Poulsen, E.: In-Situ Testing of Near-to-Surface Layer of Concrete and Epoxy-Bonded CFRP Strips, US-Canada-Europe Workshop on Bridge Engineering, Zürich, Switzerland, 1997<P>The variation on the test results is about ± 10% on concrete with a maximum aggregate size of 38 mm.<P></SPAN>", "Toro-Test", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=26", "Repair Quality"],
		    [160, 26, "images/DSS.gif", "DSS-Test", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>To evaluate the load capacity of CFRP strips epoxied or anchored to a concrete surface for strengthening of a structural element.</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The DSS-TEST (Direct Shear Strength - TEST) measures the shear strength of glued-on CFRP strips, 50 mm wide, in-situ or at the laboratory.<P><div align='center'><img src='images/DSS1.gif'></div>The CFRP strip is glued on the surface close to an edge using proprietary adhesive. The strip is glued-on perpendicular to the edge and extending 200 mm from the edge.<P>After hardening of the glue a pedestal is inserted over the strip and made to rest against the edge of the concrete member.<P>The extending 200 mm part of the CFRP strip is glued to a pair of gripping jaws using fast setting GRA glue. The jaws are firmly tightened to the strip in between with transverse fasteners.<P>A pull assembly with coupling attached is connected to the jaws and a counter pressure is governed over the transverse fasteners and made to rest against the pedestal.<P>A hydraulic pull machine is attached to the coupling and made to rest against the counter pressure. Operated by hand the pull machine is loading the strip in shear.<P>The loading takes places until rupture occurs between the strip and the substrate.<P></span><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The ultimate load in kN of the CFRP strip is a direct measure of the anchor force of the strip. <P>The variation on the ultimate load is in the range of ± 5% on the same concrete quality.<P>Test results have been published in Jensen, A.P.,., Petersen, C.G., Poulsen, E., Ottosen, C. and Thorsen, T: On the Anchorage to Concrete of SikaCarboDur CFRP Strips: Free Anchorage, Anchorage Devices and Test Results, International Congress, Creating with Concrete, Dundee, Scotland, September 1999.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Testing example<P></SPAN><table><TR><TD width='50%'><img src='images/DSS.gif'></TD><TD width='50%'><img src='images/DSS2.gif'></TD></TR><TR><TD colspan='2'><span class='normaltext'>DSS-TEST being performed for load carrying capacity of CFRP strips (left) and typical failures (right)</SPAN></TD></TR></table><P>", "DSS-Test", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=26", "Repair Quality"],
		    [161, 26, "images/Power.gif", "Power", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The purpose is to measure the pullout force for<P><UL><LI>Proof-loading of anchors</LI><LI>Evaluating the bonding between rebar and concrete for the load-displacement curve to be established</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle, proof-loading of anchors</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>For proof-loading of anchors an adaptor with appropriate thread is threaded to the anchor and pulled perpendicular to the surface to a required load. The loading takes place through a counter pressure placed on the surface.<P><div align='center'><img src='images/power1.gif'></div><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The hydraulic pullmachine used (the C-104 pullmachine) has an internal precision of 0.01 kN with readout digitally in increments of 0.1 kN. The maximum pull force is 100 kN.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle, load-displacement of rebars</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>For evaluating the bonding between a rebar cast into a cylinder a set-up as illustrated in the adjacent figure is used.<BR>The teeth of the hardened steel jaws are first squeezed into the bar and subsequently loaded. An electronic precision gauge positioned on the side of the counter pressure records the displacement.<BR>In this manner the load-displacement curve can be established for the bonding of the rebar.<BR>Similarly, bonding of rebars on-site can be evaluated. Rebar diameters 6 mm to 26 mm.<P></SPAN><div align='center'><img src='images/power2.gif'></div><P><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The hydraulic pullmachine used (the C-104 pullmachine) has an internal precision of 0.01 kN with readout digitally in increments of 0.1 kN. The maximum pull force is 100 kN. The electronic precision gauge for measuring the displacement has a precision of 0.01 mm.<P></SPAN>", "Power", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=26", "Repair Quality"],
		    [162, 26, "images/Ultrasonic1.jpg", "Ultrasonic Instrument TICO", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Compared with the concrete test hammers, the ultrasonic instrument TICO is used for recording the properties inside the concrete structure.<P>With the measuring of the transmission time and calculation of the pulse velocity, concrete properties such as uniformity of the concrete, cavities, cracks, defects due to fire and frost as well as indirect modulus of elasticity can be determined. According to the arrangement of the transducers, properties can be calculated over the whole transverse section.<P>A large display, data evaluation and storage as well as transfer to a printer or PC are possible.<P><div align='center'><img src='images/Ultrasonic2.jpg'</div></SPAN>", "Ultrasonic Instrument TICO", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=26", "Repair Quality"], 
		    [163, 26, "images/ResistivityMeter1.jpg", "Resistivity Meter RESI", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>This instrument is used for measuring of the potential fields (as a complement to CANIN) to evaluate the corrosion rate of the reinforcing bars in the concrete. Furthermore the influence of various concrete components on the electrical resistance can be investigated.<P>The electrical resistance of the concrete is measured according to the Wenner four-point method.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The measuring values (over 7'000) can be either stored in form of a simple grid or shown on the display or transferred to a PC for further investigations.<P><div align='center'><img src='images/ResistivityMeter2.jpg'></div></SPAN>", "Resistivity Meter RESI", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=26", "Repair Quality"],
		    [164, 27, "images/CMD.gif", "CMD", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>To monitor the opening / closing of a surface crack as well as its sideward movement over time.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>With the CMD (Crack Monitoring Device) a three-point rosette is glued to the surface with an internal distance of 50 mm in an equilateral triangle. Two of the rosettes are positioned parallel to the crack and the third one on the opposite side of the crack, half way the distance to the base line.<P><div align='center'><img src='images/CMD1.gif'></div><P>Temperature and moist related movement, measured between point A and B, are together with crack movement measurements between point A and C as well as between B and C transformed mathematically into the opening / closing of the crack and into the sideward displacement.<P>The measurements are either made manually with the CMD-200 or electronically by the CMD-300. The CMD-300 has also options for remote monitoring from the office by means of a phone line.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The precision on the measurements is 0.01 mm and the variation is within ± 5%.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Testing examples</SPAN><table><TR><td width='50%'><img src='images/CMD2.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>The CMD-300 rosettes and LVDT sensors mounted. A cabinet with the electronics is covering the unit</SPAN></TD><TD width='50%'><img src='images/CMD3.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>A computer screen shot from the logging of the crack movement downloaded to a PC on site or at the office by a phone line</SPAN></TD></TR></table><P>", "CMD", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=27", "Monitoring"],
		    [165, 27, "images/HUM-Meter.gif", "HUM-Meter", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The purpose is to monitor the moist content in concrete for evaluation of e.g.<P><UL><LI>the corrosion process of reinforcement, as the moist content is one of the controlling parameters</LI><LI>arresting the progress of harmful reactions such as ASR (alkali silica reactions)</LI><LI>drying out of a substrate before application of an overlay</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Sensors are installed in pre-drilled holes in the concrete.<P>Two types of sensors are available, one based on absorption of the concrete humidity in a wooden probe inserted in the hole (left figure), and another based on measuring the electrical resistance between two graphite probes or between a graphite probe and the reinforcement (right figure) and converting the reading to resistivity and moisture content.<P><table><TR><TD width='50%'><img src='images/HUM-Meter1.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>The HUM-Wood Probe</SPAN></TD><TD width='50%'><img src='images/HUM-Meter2.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>The HUM-Graphite Probes</SPAN></TD></TR></table><P>The dimensions of the HUM-Wood Probe are 10 mm dia. x 50 mm long and of the HUM-Graphite Probe 12 mm dia. x 20 mm long.<P>At the time of testing the HUM-Wood Probe is removed from the hole and the electrical conductivity recorded between two steel pins pressed into the wooden surface. The electrical conductivity correlates well with the relative humidity. Prior to the installation, the probes are calibrated in Petri dishes with different salt solutions of 33%, 70%, 75.5%, 84.5%, 90%, 97% and 100% relative humidity, respectively.<P>With the HUM-Graphite Probes the electrical resistance is measured, the resistivity calculated and correlated to water content of the concrete, either by given relationships or by specific correlations.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>For a pre-established correlation between the electrical conductivity and the relative humidity the precision of the HUM-Wood Probes is between ±2% (for RH<75%) and ±5% (for RH>75%) compared to precision electrical humidity probes. The variation on calibrated probes is within ±5%.<P>The precision of the moist determination measured by the HUM-Graphite Probes is ±1% for a concrete with a w/c ratio of 0.50. The variation of the test results is within ±5%. For concretes with other w/c ratios the precision and the variation has to be evaluated by specific correlations developed on cores.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Testing examples<P></SPAN><table><TR><TD width='50%'><img src='images/HUM-Meter3.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>Humidity profiles measured on two columns with HUM-Wood Probes</SPAN></TD><TD width='50%'><img src='images/HUM-Meter4.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>The effect of a surface treatment on a bridge column measured over time with HUM-Graphite Probes</SPAN></TD></TR></table><P>", "HUM-Meter", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=27", "Monitoring"],
		    [166, 27, "images/ERE Probe.gif", "ERE Probe", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>By permanently embedding a probe into a new or an existing reinforced concrete structures to<P><UL><LI>Monitor the reinforcement potentials in critical corroding areas such a construction joints, splash zones in marine structures, bridge decks and bottoms of columns subjected to chlorides</LI><LI>Monitor the efficiency of cathodic protection</LI><LI>Monitor the ingress of the depassivation front in combination with installment of e.g. the CorroWatch</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><BR><div align='center'><img src='images/ERE1.gif'></div><span class='normaltext'>The ERE (Embeddable Reference Electrode) probe is a true, long life reference electrode, using a manganese dioxide electrode in a steel housing with an alkaline, chloride-free gel and a porous cement plug in front. The housing is made from a corrosion resistant material. Diffusion of ions through the porous cement plug is eliminated as the pH of the alkaline gel corresponds to that of pore water in normal concrete.<P>The diameter of the ERE-Probe is 20 mm and the length is 85 mm.<P>In new structures the ERE-Probe is attached to the reinforcement by plastic straps. In existing structures a hole is drilled to the required depth and the ERE cast into the hole with an appropriate mortar. The potential is measured with a high impedance mV-meter between the probe and the reinforcement.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>At 230C in a saturated Ca(OH)2 solution the potential value of all ERE-Probes is +160 mV ±20 mV versus a saturated calomel electrode (SCE). In-situ the operating temperatures is from 00C to +400C.<P>Over long term period the variation of each ERE-Probe is within ±5 mV compared to the initial value at the same temperature and the same electrolyte environment. The expected life time is 100 years.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Testing examples<P></SPAN><div align='center'><img src='images/ERE2.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>The ERE-Probe attached to the reinforcement prior to casting<P></SPAN></div>", "ERE Probe", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=27", "Monitoring"],
		    [167, 27, "images/CorroWatch.gif", "CorroWatch", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>To act as a monitoring system for early warning of reinforcement corrosion and to predict the time before corrosion starts out for corrective measures to be taken to minimize the repair costs.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The CorroWatch is a multi-probe consisting of four black steel anodes and one noble metal cathode. The anodes are positioned and cast-in at varying depth from the exposed concrete surface towards the reinforcement.<P>In addition, the ERE-Probe may be cast-in for monitoring of the potentials in relation to the four black steel anodes of the CorroWatch.<P>Monitoring the potential drop of the four anodes signifies the gradual penetration of the depassivation front and allows prediction of the service life to be made reliably.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>In terms of measuring the ingress of the depassivation front the CorroWatch is as accurate as if normal black-steel reinforcement was used. A statement concerning the variability of the measurements with the CorroWatch has not yet been produced.<P></SPAN>", "CorroWatch", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=27", "Monitoring"],
		    [168, 27, "images/CorroEye.gif", "CorroEye", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>To monitor the corrosion rate of the reinforcement in critical areas of a RC element or structure by means of a post-installed sensor.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Principle</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The reinforcement in question is localized and the cover depth and the size of the reinforcement measured, e.g. with the CM9 Microprocessor CoverMaster.<P>The CorroEye sensor is mounted on the surface above the reinforcement. An 8 mm hole is drilled to a depth of 25 mm. An anchor is inserted in the hole and expanded. The CorroEye sensor is attached to the anchor, which serves as the reference electrode. A firm connection to the reinforcement is made as well with an adaptor installed in another drilled hole. The cords are connected to the pulse generator and the data logger with inlet options for eight CorroEye sensors.<P>The 90 mm long CorroEye sensor has four 15 mm in diameter contact points, the two outer points acting as guard electrodes and the two inner points as counter electrodes, as illustrated below.<P>The sensor records at pre-set time intervals the corrosion rate by the same galvanostatic pulse principle as used for GalvaPulse measurements. The readings are stored in a watertight data logger, also attached to the surface at a convenient location. Downloading of the measurements is done on site to a portable PC whenever required. Alternatively, the data logger has an option for connection to a mobile phone for remote monitoring. Each phone line can handle up to 200 data loggers by the RS 485 communication port.<P><table><TR><TD><img src='images/CorroEye1.gif'></TD></TR><TR><TD><img src='images/CorroEye2.gif'></TD></TR></table><P>Two sensor types are available. The CorroEye Mark I is used on vertical faces or for mounting down-upwards where the sensor itself is not obstructing traffic, access, etc. The CorroEye Mark II is used in all other cases and covered subsequently by a thin mortar layer.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Precision and variation</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The precision of the CorroEye is better than stated in the table for active corroding areas, as the position of the reinforcement is know in detail prior to the attachment of the sensor as well as the polarized area of the reinforcement. The variation from sensor to sensor on reinforcement with the same corrosion rate is within ±10%.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Testing examples<P></SPAN><table><TR><TD width='50%'><img src='images/CorroEye3.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>The CorroEye Mark I sensor installed close to a construction joint in a parking garage complex</SPAN></TD><TD width='50%'><img src='images/CorroEye4.gif'><BR><span class='normaltext'>Two CorroEye Mark II sensor on a bridge deck prior to application of a thin mortar overlay</SPAN></TD></TR></table><P>", "CorroEye", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=27", "Monitoring"],
		    [169, 28, "images/concerteThickness.jpg", "Concrete Thickness Gauges", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The CTG™ line of instruments are nondestructive, battery-powered handheld systems for measuring the thickness and integrity of concrete slabs, pavements, tunnel linings, walls and other plate-like structures. These systems feature a handheld gauge (shown at top left) that records thickness information, a handheld test head (shown at top right) for generating and receiving sound waves and a telescoping pole for use on flatwork or overhead.<BR><BR>The CTG™ requires NO SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE or TRAINING. It reliably measures the thickness of ANY type of concrete using the Impact Echo (IE) principle. Use it right out of the case with built-in default concrete parameters, or for greater accuracy, simply calibrate the CTG instrument by testing at a point of known concrete thickness as a calibration reference for the speed of sound in that concrete and start testing.</SPAN>", "Concrete Thickness Gauges", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=28", "Concrete Thickness"],
		    [170, 28, "images/concerteThicknessNew.jpg", "Concrete Thickness Gauges(New)", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The two models listed incorporate the capabilities of our existing CTG, but adds a 20cm long arm to the front of the test head with a second displacement transducer to also allow for Spectral Analysis of Surface Wave testing.<P>The main advantage of the CTG-1T-SW Model is that it can check concrete quality/velocity from one side without having to know the thickness of the concrete being tested which is required for backcalculation of the IE velocity in the CTG-1TF model. The CTG-1T-SW will display velocity vs. wavelength on its screen with a quality factor for the uniformity of the result of getting an average velocity for the concrete depth of interest. The CTG-1T-SW can thus also be used for correlating strength vs. velocity in the field to laboratory tests of concrete specimens (cubes, beams or cylinders) with Impact Echo (IE) or Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) measurements.<P>The CTG-1TF-SW Model combines Impact Echo (IE) thickness/flaw detection with SASW velocity measurement for the most powerful concrete thickness, integrit, and quality gauge in the world.</SPAN>", "Concrete Thickness Gauges(New)", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=28", "Concrete Thickness"],
		    [171, 29, "images/FreedomData.jpg", "Freedom Data", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The world's most ruggedized, battery powered instrument for NDE - Nondestructive Evaluation of civil infrastructures, geophysical engineering surveys, and general test/data acquisition. Freedom from electrical cords and generators.<P>The Freedom DATA instrument systems provides the user with unmatched flexibility for stress-wave based condition evaluation of concrete, masonry, asphalt, wood and other construction materials, as well as seismic testing of soil and rock and virtually any general test/data acquisition measurement. By changing instrument modules in the two built-in bays, the user can quickly switch between tests using any of the available NDE methods, while using similar software for data acquisition and analysis.</SPAN>", "Freedom Data", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=29", "Freedom Data"],
		    [172, 30, "images/impactEcho.jpg", "Impact Echo Series", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Flaw detection and thickness evaluation of concrete and masonry structural materials with one-sided access for testing.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Applicable On:</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Floors, Beams, Runways, Tunnels, Dams, Columns, Walls, Pavements, Slabs<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Test for:</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Thickness, Cracks, Voids, Honeycomb, Delaminations<P>For rapid integrity and thickness evaluation of concrete and masonry.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Models Available:</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><OL><LI>IE-1: Includes handheld device (shown top right) with impactor selenoic and displacement transducer (6 cm to 40 cm thick concrete)</LI><LI>2. IE-W: Option for waterproofing of IE -1 handheld device</LI><LI>3. IE-2: Combines the IE-1 system with a small impulse hammer and 1-accelerometer (6 cm to +1 m thick concrete)</LI><LI>. IE-T: IE-1 system with second transducer for ASTM thickness measurement</LI></OL></SPAN>", "Impact Echo Series", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=30", "Structural, Pavement And Tunnel System"], 
		    [173, 30, "images/Waves.jpg", "Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves S Series", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>For determination of stiffness profiles, i.e., velocity and thicknesses of thin layered systems such as pavements, tunnel liners, structural concrete, etc. without coring and with one-sided access.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Applicable On: </SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Pavements, Slabs, Tunnel Liners, Structural Concrete<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Test for:</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Determination of stiffness profiles, i.e., velocity and thicknesses of thin layered systems (typically not exceeding 3 m) without coring and with only 1-sided access conditions. The SASW method is a powerful tool for identifying material condition properties at various depths throught the determination of the variation of material stiffness vs. depth in layered systems.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Models Available:</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><OL><LI>SASW-S: Complete as shown, with 2 accelerometers and SASW bar</LI></OL></SPAN>", "Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves S Series", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=30", "Structural, Pavement And Tunnel System"],
		    [174, 30, "images/Tomography.jpg", "Structural Tomography Software", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>For concrete and masonry structural elements of buildings, bridges and other structures, tomography allows the user to create an actual image of the size, shape, and severity of hidden, internal defects. Tomography test and analysis software includes 2D and 3D displays with animation.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Applicable On: </SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Concrete and Masonry Buildings, Bridges and Structures<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Test for:</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Velocity Tomogram Images of: Voids/Soil Intrusions, Honeycomb, Cracks, Uncured or Weak Concrete in Beams, Columns, Piers<P>Tomography software to image the shape of the internal conditions including defects with Ultrasonic/Sonic Pulse Velocity measurements. The software allows for 2-D and 3-D displays including animation.<P>The capability provided by tomography testing and analysis is the ability to see the shape of an anomaly to better judge its extent and severity between each tested structural surface. This allows engineers and contractors to determine if repairs are needed, and where the repairs need to be performed. If enough structural geometries are tested, one can also obtain a 3-D image of the shape and extent of the unseen, hidden internal anomalies.<P>The 2-D Velocity Tomogram at left shows a cross-section of a concrete column with internal honeycomb/void. The sound concrete (high velocity) is green with areas of honeycomb/void in red-orange-yellow (slower velocity of sound).<P></SPAN>", "Structural Tomography Software", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=30", "Structural, Pavement And Tunnel System"],
		    [175, 30, "images/PulseVelocity.jpg", "Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>For measuring the speed of sound and signal strength in concrete, wood, masonry, rock and other coarse-grained material with two-sided access.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Applicable On: </SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Structural elements that have two sides available for testing such as Walls, Columns and Piers<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Test for:</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Cracks, Voids, Honeycomb, Decay and other damage(velocity/flaw.\ detection)<P>Electro-mechanical source to generate radial compression waves (P) and vertically polarized radial shear (SV) waves.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Models Available:</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><OL><LI>UPV-1: Includes a pair of waterproof 54 kHz transducers</LI></OL></SPAN>", "Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=30", "Structural, Pavement And Tunnel System"],
		    [176, 31, "images/Locator.gif", "Rebar Locator Profometer 5", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Purpose</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>This instrument is used for locating reinforcing bars and welded wire meshes as well as for measuring the concrete cover and for determining the diameter of the bars.<P>All these features are held in the universal probe.<P>The eddy current measuring method with pulse induction ensures a high measuring stability.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>TYPE S</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>This type has the following functions:  Location of the bars with various acoustic and optical means<P><UL><LI>Quick finding of bars with too small cover</LI>Correction of influence of near parallel bars on the determination of the diameter and the measuring of the cover</LI><LI>Store the individual cover values and statistical evaluation</LI><LI>Direct printer</LI><LI>Simple transfer and extensive evaluation on PC with special Software ProVista</LI></UL></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Type SCANLOG</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The SCANLOG type with the «ScanCar» probe carriage allows two additional functions:<P><UL><LI>Visualisation of the bars with CyberScan</LI><LI>Presentation of the bars on grey scale</LI></UL></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Compared with PROFOMETER 4</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Thanks to the new measurement method (pulse induction method) the results become more precise with PROFOMETER 5. In the new Universal-Probe, 3 probes are united: the spot probe, the depth probe and the diameter probe. With the new probe trolley ScanCar the measurements of surfaces are easier, quicker and handier.<P></SPAN><table><TR><TD width=50%><img src=images/profometer1.jpg></TD><TD width=50%><img src=images/profometer2.jpg></TD></TR></table><P>", "Rebar Locator Profometer 5", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=31", "Rebar Locator"],
		    [177, 32, "images/PenetrationRadar.jpg", "StructureScan Optical", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>Inopave introduces the newest member of its StructureScan product line. StructureScan Optical revolutionizes 3D data collection by simplifying the data collection process and producing the industry's most accurate data.</span><P><span class='subheadertext'>What Makes StructureScan Optical the Best?</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>New data collection pads with optical barcodes that work in conjunction with optical encoder to provide accurate, reliable data<P>New data collection pad sizes for maximum flexibility on job sites - 1'x1', 2'x2', 2'x4'<P>New optical software for simple planview data interpretation on a high-resolution color monitor<P></SPAN>", "StructureScan Optical", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=32", "Ground Penetration Radar"],
		    [178, 32, "images/Radar.jpg", "Ground Penetrating Radar", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is the best technology to non-destructively investigate the earth and concrete structures.<P></SPAN><table><TR><TD width=20%><img src='images/GPR1.jpg'></TD><TD width=20%><img src='images/GPR2.jpg'></TD><TD width=20%><img src='images/GPR3.jpg'></TD><TD width=20%><img src='images/GPR4.jpg'></TD><TD width=20%><img src='images/GPR5.jpg'></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><img src='images/GPR6.jpg'></TD><TD width=20%><img src='images/GPR7.jpg'></TD><TD width=20%><img src='images/GPR8.jpg'></TD><TD width=20%><img src='images/GPR9.jpg'></TD><TD width=20%><img src='images/GPR10.jpg'></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><img src='images/GPR11.jpg'></TD><TD width=20%><img src='images/GPR12.jpg'></TD><TD width=20%><img src='images/GPR13.jpg'></TD><TD width=20%><img src='images/GPR14.jpg'></TD><TD width=20%><img src='images/GPR15.jpg'></TD></TR></table><P><span class='subheadertext'>Utility Detection and Mapping</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Knowledge of existing pipe locations prior to installing new pipes is essential.<P>3D QuickDraw data of three pipes at various depths. Note the sloping angle of the pipe on the right.</SPAN><div align='center'><img src='images/GPR16.jpg'></div><P><span class='subheadertext'>Concrete Structures</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Look into concrete before drilling, cutting or coring.</SPAN><P><div align='center'><img src='images/GPR17.jpg'></div><P><span class='subheadertext'>Geology and Geophysics</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Stratigraphic survey of complex sedimentary sequences improves pre-construction engineering design decisions.</SPAN><P><div align=center><img src='images/GPR18.jpg'></div><P><span class='subheadertext'>Highway Inspection</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>RoadScan - Complete GPR system for road inspection and analysis.<P><UL><LI>Collect data a highway speeds using Inopave air-launched horn antenna</lI><LI>Accurate pavement thickness</LI><LI>Base and sub-base evaluation</LI><LI>Roadway condition assessment</LI></UL></SPAN><P><div align=center><img src='images/GPR19.jpg'></div><P><span class='subheadertext'>Bridge Inspection</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>BridgeScan - Complete, affordable GPR system for bridge deck inspection and analysis.<P>Quality Control of bridges. Find rebar, concrete and asphalt cover thickness and areas of deterioration.<P></SPAN><div align=center><img src='images/GPR20.jpg'></div><P><span class='subheadertext'>Archeology<P></SPAN><div align=center><img src='images/Radar.jpg'></div><P><span class='subheadertext'>Railroad Bed Inspection</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Map railroad ballast thickness and find leaking pipes to prevent accidents.<P></SPAN><div align='center'><img src='images/GPR21.jpg'></div><P><span class='subheadertext'>Airport Inspection</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Plan view of runway thickness (cm). Quality assurance inspections and void detection to prevent the unexpected.<P></SPAN><div align=center><img src='images/GPR22.jpg'></div><P><span class='subheadertext'>Forensics </SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><B>Objective:</B><BR>Locate suspected physical remains of murder victim beneath a concrete pool deck.<P><B>Result:</B><BR>Location of remains pinpointed using GPR technology.<P>Prosecution resulted in First Degree murder conviction.<P></SPAN><div align=center><img src='images/GPR23.jpg'></div><P><span class='subheadertext'>Precision Farming</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Conductivity map of a field to determine suitability as a vineyard.<P></SPAN><div align=center><img src='images/GPR24.jpg'></div><P><span class='subheadertext'>Environmental</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>During GPR mapping of a dipping pipe, an adjacent unknown waste pit was found (red on the left, white on the right).<P></SPAN><div align='center'><img src='images/GPR25.jpg'></div><P><span class='subheadertext'>Architectural Facade Inspection<P></SPAN><div align='center'><img src='images/GPR26.jpg'></div><P><span class='subheadertext'>Snow / Ice Thickness Measurements</SPAN><P><div align=center><img src=images/GPR27.jpg></div><P><span class='normaltext'>100 MHz radar profile recorded 6 Nov, 1995 in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica.<P>A 4000 ns scan duration at 2048 samples/scan and 16-bits was used.<P>The sharp feature on the left is a radiating volcanic dike. On the right is a record of layers of volcanic ash and debris deposited by windstorms off Minna Bluff. The same equipment has been used every year since this first survey.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>University / Research</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>3D surveys of tree roots are being conducted to determine the effect of local conditions on growth and for use in biomass calculations.<P></SPAN><div align=center><img src=images/GPR28.jpg><P></div><span class='subheadertext'>Detecting Minerals / Mining</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Discovery of gem deposits. One vug yielded gem-quality tourmalines valued at over $100,000.<P></SPAN><div align=center><img src='images/GPR29.jpg'></div><P>", "Ground Penetrating Radar", "lab_advtest_structural.asp?ProductID=32", "Ground Penetration Radar"],
		    [179, 33, "images/A1207.jpg", "Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge-A1207", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>This a1207 is designed for inspecting walls thickness of metallic and plastic pipes, boilers, vessels, coverings of a roughness up to Rz160 and curvature radius from 10 mm.<P>a1207 may be applied in the chemical, food, oil-and-gas industry, in shipbuilding and ship repair, thermal and atomic engineering, on machine-building and transport agencies, in a municipal economy.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Special features <P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Built-in double crystal probe on the 10 MHz</LI><LI>Possible to work on the hard frost</LI><LI>Four preset velocities of the ultrasound with means of its change</LI><LI>Low price</LI><LI>Usability</LI><LI>Small dimensions and weigh</LI><LI>Economy</LI><LI>V - correction availability</LI><LI>Possibility to replacement of the built-in double crystal probe</li><LI>Full digital channel</LI><LI>Built-in accumulation</LI><LI>Cutoff point for external power supply and accumulator charge</LI></UL><P></SPAN>"],
		    [180, 33, "images/A1207c.jpg", "Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge-A1207C", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>Ultrasonic thickness gauge A1207C is designed for an estimation of deterioration of rails and measurement of actual thickness of metal details and units of a rolling stock of a railway transportation, for inspecting walls thickness of metallic and plastic pipes, boilers, vessels, coverings of a roughness up to Rz160 and curvature radius from 40 mm.<P>A1207C may be applied on machine-building and transport agencies, in the chemical, food, oil-and-gas industry, in shipbuilding and ship repair, thermal and atomic engineering, in a municipal economy.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Special features <P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Built-in wearproof combined probe on the 2,5 or 5 MHz</LI><LI>Possibility of work on the hard frost</LI><LI>Changeable four pre-set velocities of ultrasound</LI><LI>Low price</LI><LI>Usability</LI><LI>Small size and weigh</LI><LI>Economy</LI><LI>V - correction availability</LI><LI>Possibility to replace the built-in probe</LI><LI>Full digital channel</LI><LI>Built-in accumulation</LI><LI>Connector for external power supply and accumulator charge</LI></UL><P></SPAN>"],
		    [181, 33, "images/A1208.jpg", "Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge-A1208", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>Thickness gauge A1208 is intended for gauging the thickness of walls of pipes, boilers, vessels, sheet products, casting, shel and other products from black and non-ferrous metals. Surfaces of products can be both smooth, and coarse, corroded with roughness up to Rz160 and the radius of curvature from 3 mm.<P>A1208 can be applied in the chemical, food, oil-and-gas industry, in shipbuilding and ship repair, thermal and atomic-power engineering, on pipe-rolling, machine-building and transport agencies, in a municipal services.<P>The device is designed for using the single and double ultrasonic probes with working frequencies 2,5; 5 and 10 MHz domestic and foreign manufacture.<P>Due to the system of adaptation to the surface of the product (the patent of the Russian Federation ? 2082160), analyzing interference from surface waves, it is possible to carry out measurements of the thickness of walls of corroded pipes of small diameter and flat products with smooth surfaces by one ultrasonic probe without any tunings, except for installation the velocities of the ultrasound.<P>A1208 is executed in the case with extent of protection IP65.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Special features<P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>LED indicator in the combination with low consumption</LI><LI>Wearproof the single probe</LI><LI>Ability to work at -30°?</LI><LI>Adaptation to the condition of the surface of the product</LI></UL> <P></SPAN>"],
		    [182, 33, "images/A1209.jpg", "Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge-A1209", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>This a1209 is designed for inspecting walls thickness of pipes structures, boilers, vessels, coverings of courts, molding, sheet hire and other products from black and non-ferrous metals. The surfaces of the inspected object may be smooth, rough or corroded its curvature radius from 3 mm and a roughness up to Rz160. The device allows to supervising products from the metals covered with paint, from plastic, glass, and ceramics. They can reveal of corrosion pits less then 1 sq. mm on internal surface walls of pipe with thickness of 2 mm.<P>a1209 may be applied in the chemical, food, oil-and-gas industry, in shipbuilding and ship repair, thermal and atomic engineering, on pipe-rolling, machine-building and transport agencies, in a municipal services.<P>Double-crystal probe operating frequencies from 1.8 up 10 MHz are used (basic delivered set comprises probe of 5 MHz) domestic or foreign production.<P>The a1209 has a built-in system covered under Russian patent ? 2082160, which allows the A1209 without additional adjustment to inspect both corroded (roughness up to Rz160) and smooth, small diameter tubes (curvature radius from 3 mm) and flat surfaces, utilizing only one probe, except for installation of ultrasound velocity.<P>a1209 has shock proof metal case with IP65 protection level.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Special features<P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Automatic adjustment to a product surface condition</LI><LI>Adjustment to ultrasonic probe</lI><LI>Indication of the current or the minimal thickness value for an interval control</LI><LI>Indication of thickness with discontinuity of 0,1 or 0,01 mm</LI><LI>Sound indication of echo - signals reception</LI><LI>Three-level indication of acoustic contact quality</LI><LI>Record of indications with an opportunity of viewing and correction</LI><LI>Infra red port of link with PC</LI><LI>Illumination of the indicator for work in darkness</LI><LI>Indication of the battery condition and discharge</LI><LI>Automatic power supply switch off</LI></UL><P></SPAN>"],
		    [183, 33, "images/A1212m.jpg", "Ultrasonic Flaw Detector of Wide Application-A1212 Master", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>The A1212 MASTER can detect various defects and objects' in material and determine the sizes of such defects. Utilize this instrument it is possible to inspect metals, plastic, glass etc.<P>The ergonomic design, friendly interface, small weight (650 g) and high-contrast display with backlight makes advantages to this instrument against the usual classical structures of foreign and domestically produced standard analogues. The pulsing frequency of this device has been increased up to 300 Hz, it got the possibility of building T.V.G. function by 32 pixels and using D.G.S.-diagrams. The connection with the PC is realized via high-speed USB-port.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Areas of applications<P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>oil and chemical industry</LI><LI>nuclear-power plants</LI><LI>tube-rolling and metallurgical factories</LI><LI>transport and machine-building factories</LI><LI>aviation</LI><LI>shipbuilding and ship-repairing</LI><LI>municipal services</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Special features<P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>reliable design and construction by IP65</LI><LI>large adjustments library (100 configurations)</LI><LI>programmed sounding pulses shape</LI><LI>pulses repetition frequency up to 300 Hz</LI><LI>traditional A-scan with possibility of signals reflection in non-detection view, with detection-signal envelope, envelope with filling, spatial envelope</LI><LI>additional modes: freeze frame, electric time zoom, B-scan</LI><LI>synthesis of TVG function (32 points interpolation)</LI><LI>automatic detection of signal level and location of the defects (in coordinates) at work with ASD (two time strobes)</LI><LI>possible manual measuring of received signals' level and coordinates with the help of display cursors</LI><LI>nonvolatile memory for 1000 images of display (A-scan with corresponding parameters)</LI><LI>high-speed USB-port connection with PC</LI><LI>compatibility with wide range of different probes</LI><LI>possibility of using DGS-diagrams</LI><LI>possibility of B-scan imaging and saving (up to 50 profiles)</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Purposes<P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>testing of the welds</LI><LI>measuring the wall thickness of products</LI><LI>searching the places of corrosion, cracks, internal stratifications and other defects</LI><LI>coordinates definition of various infringements of homogeneity and uniformity of material in products made from metals and plastic</LI></UL><P></SPAN>"],
		    [184, 33, "images/A1214e.jpg", "Ultrasonic Flaw Detector of Wide Application-A1214 Expert", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>A1214 EXPERT is a universal high-frequency ultrasonic thickness gauge of wide application. It is applicable for search and detection of coordinates of different discontinuities and disturbance of material homogeneity in objects from metals and plastics. It is convenient for operation in both laboratory conditions and also in situ under the hard environmental conditions. Perfect technical parameters, large display and classical mounting. The pulsing frequency of this device has been increased up to 300 Hz, it got the possibility of building T.V.G. function by 32 pixels and using D.G.S.-diagrams. The connection with the PC is realized via high-speed USB-port.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Areas of applications<P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Oil and Chemical Industry</LI><LI>Nuclear-Power Engineering and Heat Energy Industry</LI><LI>Tube-rolling and metallurgical factory</LI><LI>Transport and machine-building factories</LI><LI>Aviation</LI><LI>Shipbuilding and Ship-repairing</LI><LI>Municipal Services</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Special features<P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Designed for operation in laboratories and in situ</LI><LI>Construction by IP64</LI><LI>Non-volatile memory for 500 images of display and adjustments library</LI><LI>Large high contract frost-resisting display</LI><LI>Easy and comfortable interface with quick access buttons</LI><LI>Programmed form of outgoing pulse</LI><LI>Frequency of pulsing up to 300Hz</LI><LI>Signal reflection in non-detection view, screening of detection signal envelope, envelope with filling, spatial envelope</LI><LI>Additional modes: freeze frame, electric time magnifier, B-Scan</LI><LI>Synthesis of TVG function (32 point interpolation)</LI><LI>Possibility of manual measuring of the received signals' level and coordinates with the help of screen cursors</LI><LI>USB-Port high-speed connection with PC</LI><LI>Possibility of using DGS-diagrams</LI><LI>Quick release replaceable accumulator</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Purposes<P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Testing of the welds</LI><LI>Measuring of wall thickness of products</LI><LI>Searching of corrosion areas, cracks, internal stratifications and other defects</LI><LI>Coordinates definition of various discontinuities and uniformity of material in products from metals and plastics</LI></UL><P></SPAN>"],
		    [185, 33, "images/A1220m.jpg" ,"Low Frequency Flaw Detector for Concrete-A1220 MONOLITH", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>The a1220 is designed for inspecting reinforced concrete (as well as rocs, plastics and similar materials) for foreign inclusion, voids and cracks. The flaw detector used for thickness measurements and the investigations of internal structures, estimation of thickness of asphalt coverings of roads, and physico-mechanical properties of composites and plastic.<P>Flaw detector A1220 is the electronic unit with built-in LCD screen and film keyboard, 24 (6 x 4) elements antenna array (AA), additional ultrasonic probes of longitudinal and cross-waves. AA used at the echo - method testing. Additional probes use for through and superficial sound products.<P>Damped low-frequency ultrasonic probes with dry dot contact are located in the plan as a 6?4 matrix. Each element has independent of others mobile - elastic bracket. Monitoring procedure without contact liquids due to design AA, and product surfaces can have curvature radius from 150 mm and more, and roughness scope to achieve 8 mm. The additional ultrasonic probes used for the testing shadow methods, in an acoustic part are similar to AA elements and do not require contact liquids.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Special features<P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Range ultrasound frequency operating 20 - 150 kHz</LI><LI>Echo - pulse and shadow methods testing with use of longitudinal, cross and superficial waves</LI><LI>Dry acoustic contact to a material surface</LI><LI>1D and 2D presentation of echo - signals on the LCD screen</LI><LI>Selections of weak signals on the background noise by accumulation methods</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Functional options<P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Automatic and manual operation modes for detection of the flaw coordinates or object' thickness</LI><LI>Automatic and manual ultrasonic velocity measuring in material</LI><LI>Parameters adjustments with help of menu options, saving of adjustments library</LI><LI>Screen illuminations, self contained power supply, automatic power supply switch off</LI><LI>Recording results in the device permanent memory and their viewing on the screen with an opportunity of additional measurements with the help of screen cursors</LI><LI>Data transferring on the infra red port to the external computer</lI><LI>3D presentation of internal material structural on the screen of external computer</LI><LI>Teamwork of the device with a computer in real time with the expanded opportunities of the analysis of the form of signals, measurements of their parameters and data recording</LI></UL><P></SPAN>"],
		    [186, 33, "images/A1270.jpg", "Electromagnetic Acoustic Thickness Gauge-A1270", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>A1270 electromagnetic acoustic thickness gauge is designed for thickness measurements of objects from aluminium and alloy without using any couplants. This thickness gauge has great scopes for application in aerospace industry.<P>A1270 EMA thickness gauge is designed for using with single crystal shear wave EMA probe produced by Inopave International Ltd.<P>The result of measurement is given in mm with the exactness up to hundredth millimeter.<P>The readings can be saved in the nonvolatile memory and then reviewed of the device's display. All the saved data can be transmitted to the PC via USB Port for further documentation, processing and out printing.<P>The graphic and text information is screened on the LCD display that has backlight for working in dark places. To operate the device there is a film keyboard. For connection of the EMA probes LEMO plugs and connectors of 0B series are used.<P>The structure of the device is made accordingly to the IP65 specification.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Special features<P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Testing without using couplants</LI><LI>Built-in non-volatile memory</LI><LI>Possibility of Data transmission to the PC</LI></UL><P></SPAN>"],
		    [187, 33, "images/AKR1224.jpg", "Electromagnetic Acoustic Thickness Gauge-AKR1224", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>The ultrasonic low-frequency flaw detector AKR1224 is applicable for testing of rails, tubes, rods and others.<P>The device is equiped with equidestantt 12-element antenna array with dry contact. The device allows detecting the defects on the distance of 20 meters from the place of contacting the surface with antenna array and detecting the distance to the defect.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Areas of Application<P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Gas- and Oil Industries</LI><LI>Railway transport</LI><LI>Metallurgical and Rolling factories</LI><LI>Aviation, mashine-building</LI><LI>Municipal services</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Special features<P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Designed for exploitation in situ</LI><LI>Possibility of operation either with the antenna array with dry point contact or with the liquid contacts probes</LI><LI>Remote control of the device (as an option)</LI><LI>Connection of radiophones for operation in very noisy enviroment (as an option)</LI><LI>The long off-line operation of antenna array without replacing the batteries (1 year)</LI><LI>The possibility of two-directions control at testing with antenna array with dry point contact</lI><LI>Detection of the defect at the distance of up to 25 meters from the place of contacting to the testing object</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Purposes<P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Search for defects in rails, laid in railways; on stands of rail-welding plants; in kilometerlong stores</LI><LI>Detection of the distance form the contact area to the defect place</LI><LI>Testing of long objects from alloys, like tubes, rods, flat bars and similar</LI></UL><P></SPAN>"],
		    [188, 33, "images/UK1401.jpg", "Ultrasonic Tester for Concrete-UK1401", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>The instrument UK1401 is designed for time and velocity measurements of longitudinal ultrasonic waves in solid materials. These results it is possible to evaluate the strength and quality of materials and structures. The strength estimation is based on correlation between the ultrasonic wave velocity in material and its physico-mechanical properties and physical conditions.<P>The tester UK1401 is the electronic unit with LCD screen and two built-in ultrasonic probes with two conical shape protectors. The probes are firmly fixed on the lateral side of the instrument at the distance (base) of 120 or 150 <P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Areas of Application <P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Concrete strength evaluation based on velocity in accordance GOST 17624-87 Concrete. Ultrasonic method of strength evaluation</LI><LI>Concrete strength evaluation in a combination to a method in exploited constructions</LI><LI>Estimation of the carrying capacity of concrete pillars and supports based on relation of propagation velocities in longitudinal and transverse directions</LI><LI>Detection near the surface defects in concrete structures by abnormal decrease of ultrasound velocity (time increase) in a defect place</LI><LI>Evaluation of degradation and homogeneity of rocs, the degree of anisotropy and texture composite material</LI><LI>Estimation of materials elastic properties similarity and difference or one material specimen from each other. Estimation of a material age under condition of its properties changes from time</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Special features<P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Dry acoustic contact</LI><LI>Automatic recalculation of time into velocity and indication of time or velocity an LCD (at choice)</LI><LI>Audio indication of valid ultrasonic signal</LI><LI>Automatic adapting to the material and surface properties of the testing object, and also degree of probes pressing to the object</LI><LI>Measurements recording to the memory</LI><LI>Infrared port for data transfer to the external computer and for observation locked-on ultrasonic signal form on the screen during a testing</LI><LI>Pocket size equipment</LI><LI>Automatic switch off</LI></UL><P></SPAN>"],
		    [189, 33, "images/M3102.jpg", "Ultrasonic Tomograph-M3102", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>The M3102</SPAN>"],
		    [190, 33, "images/A1212.jpg", "Ultrasonic Flaw Detector of Wide Application-A1212", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>The flaw detector can detect various defects and objects' in material and determine the sizes of such defects. Utilize this instrument it is possible to inspect metals, plastic, glass etc. ?1212 allows supervising welded connections, moulding, hiring to measure walls thickness of products, to conduct search of the centers of corrosion, cracks, internal stratifications and other defects.<P>?1212 may be applied in the metallurgical, chemical, oil-and-gas industries, in mechanical engineering, power, on transport to the testing of production and the equipment.<P>Flaw detector A1212 provided inspection by - echo, mirror - echo, mirror - shaded and shaded methods with use of ultrasonic control standard techniques and various ultrasonic probe (direct, angled, combined and double-crystal) with operating frequencies from 1 up to 10 MHz may be employed domestic and foreign manufacture. Adjustment verification modes and probes operative change provided with kept library.<P>?1212 displays the locked-on signal as traditional A-scan with a horizontal axis graduation in millimeters or micro seconds, and allows to display envelope amplitudes of signals. The image on the screen stopped (freezing), the chosen zone of the control to expand on all screen, to make measurements of a level and position (time) of the locked-on signals with the help of screen cursors. At work with an automatic signaling device of defects, a level of a signal and the device defines coordinates of defect. Besides, there is an image construction mode of object controllable section (the image of type ?) in the device.<P>Results of the control may be recorded to the memory there together with all additional service information and then repeatedly to look through on the screen of the device, survey an additional measurements with the help of screen cursors. Accumulated memory data may be transferred via infra red port to the external computer for further detailed analysis, listing and report.<P>On the LSD screen with backlighting are displayed the graphic and text information. The instrument control carried out via film keyboard. Two miniature coaxial connector of LEMO 00 type are used to switch on the ultrasonic probe. The instrument has IP65 performance.<P>The computer program of connection working flaw detector to the external computer are given the signals supervision expanded opportunities, their analysis and reporting. The data are transferred via infrared port. The ultrasonic control carries out even in difficult industrial conditions at work with portable computer. Thus, work flaw detector and it management of nothing differ from work in a usual mode. Locked-on signal is displayed on the computer screen in real time in the not straightened kind.<P>It is possible to allocate with an adjustable window any part of this signal and to expand it on all working field of a program window. It is possible to execute various peaks and time measurements on the oscillogram of a signal and to write down all realization of a signal on a hard disk of a computer in a text format. The distance between flaw detector and a computer at direct visibility between infrared adapters can achieve half a meter.</SPAN>"],
		    [191, 33, "images/A220.jpg", "Low Frequency Flaw Detector for Concrete-A1220", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>The ?1220 is designed for inspecting reinforced concrete (as well as rocs, plastics and similar materials) for foreign inclusion, voids and cracks. The flaw detector used for thickness measurements and the investigations of internal structures, estimation of thickness of asphalt coverings of roads, and physico-mechanical properties of composites and plastic.<P>Flaw detector A1220 is the electronic unit with built-in LCD screen and film keyboard, 24 (6 x 4) elements antenna array (AA), additional ultrasonic probes of longitudinal and cross-waves. AA used at the echo - method testing. Additional probes use for through and superficial sound products.<P>Damped low-frequency ultrasonic probes with dry dot contact are located in the plan as a 6?4 matrix. Each element has independent of others mobile - elastic bracket. Monitoring procedure without contact liquids due to design AA, and product surfaces can have curvature radius from 150 mm and more, and roughness scope to achieve 8 mm. The additional ultrasonic probes used for the testing shadow methods, in an acoustic part are similar to AA elements and do not require contact liquids.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Special Features: <P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Range ultrasound frequency operating 20 - 150 kHz</LI><LI>Echo - pulse and shadow methods testing with use of longitudinal, cross and superficial waves</LI><LI>Dry acoustic contact to a material surface</LI><LI>1D and 2D presentation of echo - signals on the LCD screen</LI><LI>Selections of weak signals on the background noise by accumulation methods</LI></UL><P>?1220 presentation of echo - signals as usual A-scan or the 2D presentation material section, that is B-scan. Image of cross section (B-scan) is presentation of echo - signals on of the screen of the instrument in coordinates of depth and width of viewing field. To obtained the signal B-scan the AA is moved along the line over the surface of inspected construction with some preset step, at the sometime all locked on signals are accumulated in the memory of the instrument. While doing so, it is possible to observe the cross-section image along the depth of viewing with the depth equal to the distant between first and last positioning of the AA on the screen. In this presentation, the images of echo-signals, that exceed preset level, are presented on the screen.<P>LEMO 00 type are used to switch additional ultrasonic probes and AA. The instrument has IP64 performance<P>The computer program of connection working flaw detector to the external computer are given the signals supervision expanded opportunities, their analysis and reporting. The data are transferred via infrared port. The ultrasonic testing carries out even in difficult industrial conditions at work with portable computer. Thus, work flaw detector and it management of nothing differ from work in a usual mode. Locked-on signal is displayed on the computer screen in real time in the not straightened kind. It is possible to allocate with an adjustable window any part of this signal and to expand it on all working field of a program window. It is possible to execute various peaks and time measurements on the oscillogram of a signal and to write down all realization of a signal on a hard disk of a computer in a text format. The distance between flaw detector and a computer at direct visibility between infrared adapters can achieve half a meter.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Functional options<P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Automatic and manual operation modes for detection of the flaw coordinates or object' thickness</LI><LI>Automatic and manual ultrasonic velocity measuring in material</LI><LI>Parameters adjustments with help of menu options, saving of adjustments library<LI></LI>Screen illuminations, self contained power supply, automatic power supply switch off</LI><LI>Recording results in the device permanent memory and their viewing on the screen with an opportunity of additional measurements with the help of screen cursors</LI><LI>Data transferring on the infra red port to the external computer</LI><LI>3D presentation of internal material structural on the screen of external computer</LI><LI>Teamwork of the device with a computer in real time with the expanded opportunities of the analysis of the form of signals, measurements of their parameters and data recording</LI></UL><P></SPAN>"],
		    [192, 33, "images/A1230.jpg", "Ultrasonic Tomograph-A1230", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>?1230 is designed for visualization of the internal texture of objects and structures within reinforced concrete (for example, slabs, blocks, supporters, tunnels' facing, etc.). The examination is carried out in case of one side access. Tomograph provides detection of foreign inclusions and cavities in inspected objects and defined conditions of concrete reinforcement.<P>The principal of tomograph operation is based on the ultrasonic echo-pulse method of inspection with synthesized focused aperture and coherent signal processing. The tomograph comprises an antenna array (AA) and portable computer of NoteBook type that represented information as A-scan and B-scan.<P>The antenna unit consists of 36 elements (6 x 6) antenna array with built-in control module and ADC receiving circuit. The elements of the AA are spring-controlled and provide inspection of rough surfaces (roughness up to 8 mm) with curve radius of 150 mm. The computer controls the operation of the AA and provides signals processing and images presentation.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Special Features<P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Dry acoustic contact with material surface</LI><LI>Antenna array adaptation to roughness of concrete surface</LI><LI>2D and 3D representations internal structure of testing object</LI><LI>Echo-pulse testing method</LI><LI>Operating ultrasonic frequency 30 - 90 kHz</LI><LI>Choice of represented tomogram on 3D image synthesized volume</LI><LI>Turn image of synthesized volume in any plane</LI><LI>Defects coordinates count and signal level in any point of tomogram</LI><LI>Threshold and smoothing filtration of 3D image and tomogram</LI><LI>Gray-scale and color represents of signal level in the synheized images and tomograms</LI><LI>Manual and automatic mode of threshold images processing</LI><LI>Record starting data array and synthesized 3D images on computer hard disk</LI><LI>Print images</LI></UL><P></SPAN>"],
		    [193, 33, "images/MF23im.jpg", "Magnetometer Flaw Detector-MF23-IM", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>mF-23IM is designed for measuring constant, variable (industrial frequency) and pulse magnetic fields at the testing of ferromagnetic product method magnetic powder inspection, and for the testing ratio industrial noise level.<P>The device based on measurement by the Hall probe of a magnetic field induction with measurement result digital indication.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Speacial Features<P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Impulse visualization</LI><LI>Memory on 4064 gauging</LI><LI>Connect to the external computer by means of infrared port</LI><LI>Compactness</LI><LI>Autonomy</LI></UL><P></SPAN>"],
		    [194, 33, "images/Sclerograph.jpg", "Sclerograph", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>This instrument serves for quick hardness tests of steel, independently of place. It works in an area of hardness of 200 - 850 HVR.<P>It is distinguished by its robust and small-sized design ao that is it very suitable as a pocket device.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Construction and Function:<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'>The Sclerograph is perpendicularly put on the brunished measuring surface of the specimen and the drop hammer is pulled up on the head until the locking device engages. In this way a invariable height  of fall is always ensured. The drop hammer falls down on the surface of the test specimen and rebounds in conformity with its hardness.<P>At the highest point of rebound the hammer retained by a special device. Thus the reading of the rebound is made easier substantially.<P>By making several measurements on one specimen and then forming the mean the deviation of the device is kept to a minimum. You have got to be aware that the device is shifted a bit at each measurement in order to avoid mistakes because of hardening effects in the material.<P>The means are converted into Vickers Hardness HVR with the help of enclosed reference curve.<P>In the interest of a continual further development our products are subject to alterations of design and technical data.<P></SPAN>"],
		    [195, 33, "images/Impact Hardness Tester HPS.jpg", "Impact Hardness Tester HPS", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>The ball impact technique enables concrete to directly tested at very low expenditure and provides a large number of measuring values without destroying the test specimen.<P>The diameters of the ball indentions resulting in the concrete body to be tested enable conclusions to be drawn with regard to the cube strength of the concrete tested.<P>The guidlines of the test ard put down in writing in DIN 1048 Part 2.<P>This measuring instrument is also used for testing metallic materials, paticulary for testing large materials. The values measured are only comparative figures which can be related to Brinell Hardness by conversion curves.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Construction:<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'>The Impact Hardness Tester type HPS works dynamically. The ball indentions is produced by an impact.<P>The impact work is stored in a spring. The instrument is pressed on the test specimen by hand and the spring is clamped. After reaching a rated value the hammer is released which then produces a ball indention in the test specimen. With the help of a measuring magnifer the idention is measured.<P>In the interest of a continual further development our products are subject to alterations of design and technical data.<P></SPAN>"],
		    [196, 33, "images/Hardness Tester HGiB.jpg", "Hardness Tester HGiB", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>This instrument is for hardness tests according to Shore A and is suitable for accurate laboratory and serial tests on elastomers, natural rubber products, cast resins, polyester, plasticized PVC, neoprene, leather and similar materials. With this hardness testing method a steel needle in form of a truncated cone is pressed into the testing material. The amount of the penetrating resistance is indicated at a scale. The method is standardized according to DIN 53505, ASTM D 2240/Part 20, BS 903 and GOST 263-41.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Construction:<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'>The instrument is made of:<BR><OL><LI>a stand with supporting table and key for investigating test specimens with a thickness of up to 50 mm</LI><LI>a measuring instrument, which is fixed onto the stand and which is easily removable</LI><LI>a standard adjustment for occasional controls of the indication of the measuring instrument and for the adjustment of the effective spring power</LI></OL><P>In the measuring instrument is a testing needle on which a spring power has an effect. The load will expand from 280.5 to 806.5 cN respectively if the needle initially protruding by 2.54 mm is pressed back by this amount.<P>For the realization of laboratory tests with the measuring instrument fixed on the stand, the test specimen is placed on the supporting table and by pushing the key it automatically pressed vertically against the testing needle at a constant load of 12.5 N.<P>In the interest of a continual further development our products are subject to alterations of design and technical data.<P></SPAN>"],
		    [197, 33, "images/Pendulum Striking Mechanism PSW 4 J.jpg", "Pendulum Striking Mechanism PSW 4 J", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>The PSW 4 J serves for the determination of th reaction of compressed materials and plastics following an impact bending load and for the assessment of brittleness and toughness according to the directions of DIN 53453, DIN 53753, ISO 179 and ASTM D 256.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Construction:<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'>The device is made of a massive rack with pendulum, against-bearing and overlay for the test according to the method IZOD. For every test procedure pendulums with graded working power are available.<P>During the test the pendulum is put into a high position and then it hits on the test specimen in the low. A part of the energy is used-up for the destruction of the test specimen.<P>The work remaining in the pendulum causes a back vibrating to the other side. A more or less large altitude is reached according to the height of the remaining work. The height of the altidude is indicated at a scale. The used-up impact work can immediately be read in Joule.<P>In the interest of a continual further development our products are subject to alterations of design and technical data.<P></SPAN>"],
		    [198, 34, "images/CURVE-X2.jpg", "Curve-X2 ", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>The Curve-X-2 offers easy-to-use, high quality temperature datalogging for paint curing ovens. Measurements, analysis levels and report options are fully customizable to provide you with tailor-made information on the quality of your curing processes. The datalogger is fitted with a large display for easy menu-driven operation and quick display of measurement results. Inopave’s Ideal Finish data analysis software allows you to analyse the logged data and create detailed reports. These advanced features, together with a wide range of display and printing options, makes Curve-X-2 the most flexible temperature datalogging solution available, excellently suited for both field use and laboratory conditions.<P></SPAN>"],
		    [199, 34, "images/dewpoint meter.jpg", "Dewcheck", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>The dew point meter DEWCHECK has an INTERNAL MEMORY that stores up to 99 DATA SETS, complete with TIME / DATE STAMP, with one push of a button.<P>The dewpoint meter DEWCHECK measures and calculates fast and accurately all the temperature data you need.<P>The dew point meter DEWCHECK is equipped with a real time internal CLOCK / CALENDER.<P>The dew point meter DEWCHECK displays stored datasets directly on the gauge and prints wireless to a portable IR-printer (optional) or download to a PC (optional).<P>The dew point meter DEWCHECK assures accurate and stable readings even in the hostile environments of the protective coatings field.<P>The dew point meter DEWCHECK is equipped with the worlds highest quality sensors for both humidity and temperature. This eliminates drift and assures a long time stability for years without recalibration. <P></SPAN>"],
		    [200, 34, "images/BRESLE KIT.jpg", "Bresle Kit", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>A compact and user-friendly kit for asessment of the level of soluble salts on steel surfaces after pre-treatment.<P><UL><LI>Assessment of soluble salts before applying a coating is essential</LI><LI>An absolute clean surface is a must for succesful coating work</LI><LI>With the Inopave Bresle-kit the presence of soluble salts, expressed in milligram per square meter, can easily be determined</LI><LI>Check your specifications for the acceptable salt levels</LI><LI>The method is simple and accurate</LI></UL><P></SPAN>"],
		    [201, 34, "images/CUPPING TEST.jpg", "Cupping Test", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>The CP2000 is an innovative test-apparatus with unique features like:<P><UL><LI>Manual driven gearbox to ensure a slow and uniform cupping speed without using any efforts. Reproducible results are guaranteed and heavy test-panels do not create problems</LI><LI>Ergonomic design allows changing and fastening test-panels without using any force</LI><LI>Digital display indicates a clear and accurate result in 0.01 mm. increments. By pushing a button the scale can be adjusted to imperial measurements</LI><LI>A sliding magnifier with a bright light- source generates clear visibility on the coating being tested</LI></UL><P></SPAN>"],
		    [202, 34, "images/INDENTATION TEST.jpg", "Buchholz Indentation Test", "<BR><SPAN class='normaltext'>The BH2000 is a complete kit including Buchholz indenter, illuminated microscope, marker with template, level-gauge and digital dual timer.<P><UL><LI>Buchholz indenter is equipped with functional grips allowing gentle placing and lifting of the instrument</LI><LI>Pins and cutting part of indenter are made of hardened steel preventing wear</LI><LI>High quality microscope with precision glass optical lenses and strong illuminator allows a clear visibility of the, often hard to see, indentation mark</LI><LI>Dual timer can be pre-set for both in-position time and recovering time of the test</LI><LI>Seperate level gauge allows checking the correct level of the test panel before the test is performed</LI></UL><P></SPAN>"],
		    [203, 34, "images/IMPACTTEST.jpg", "Impact Test", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>The IP2000 is a well thought out and elegant testapperatus with unique features like:<P><UL><LI>Dual-scale guide tube, suitable for both ISO and ASTM standards</LI><LI>Snap-Action sample clamp holds the testpanel in position and allows fast panel change</LI><LI>Integrated level-gauge indicates the correct positioning of the apparatus</LI></UL><P></SPAN>"],
		    [204, 34, "images/BEND TEST.jpg", "Cylindircal Bend Test", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>The BD2000 is a very robust yet elegant testing instrument with strong features like:<P><UL><LI>3 rolls according to the latest ISO-standards to assure a smooth, accurate and even deformation without scratching the coating</LI><LI>Fast and easy change of mandrels</LI><LI>Ergonomic handle with triple action:<BR><UL><LI>Positioning the rolls</LI><LI>Fixing the mandrels</LI><LI>Performing the deformation</LI></UL></LI></UL><P></SPAN>"],
		    [205, 34, "images/ADHESION TESTERS.jpg", "Adhesion Test Kit", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>An ergonomic aluminium handle combined with an ultra-hardened steel multi-blade cutting tool allows easy cutting of all kinds of coatings including hard epoxies.The cutting tools are easily exchangeable.<P>A testmethod for assessing the resistanceof paint and coatings to separation from substrates when a right- angle latticepattern is cut into the coating through to the substrate.<P></SPAN>"],
		    [206, 34, "images/paint tester.jpg", "Master Paint Plate", "<P><div><img src='images/painttester1.jpg'><BR><span class='normaltext'>A-Template with grid for 1, 2 and 3 mm pattern for cross cut adhesion testing by means of using an (always-sharp) utility knife. Meets the ISO2409 standard.</SPAN><P></div><div><img src='images/painttester2.jpg'><div><BR><span class='normaltext'>B-Template for making the ASTM X-cross for adhesion testting. Meets the ISO3359 standard.</SPAN><P><div><img src='images/painttester3.jpg'></div><BR><span class='normaltext'>C- WFT-gauge for measuring the thickness of wet coatings. Range up to 160µm. Meets the ISO2808 standard.</SPAN><P><div><img src='images/painttester4.jpg'></div><BR><span class='normaltext'>D- Film applicator to apply a wet coating film with increasing thickness up to 200µm eg. To check the hiding-power.</SPAN><P><div><img src='images/painttester5.jpg'></div><BR><span class='normaltext'>E- Device to check the viscosity of paints by observing the flow characteristics of the marks drawn in a wet film. System ASTM2801-4400.</SPAN><P><div><img src='images/painttester6.jpg'></div><BR><span class='normaltext'>F- Templates to check the roundness of edges on steel, aluminium or wood. Too sharp edges will lead to insufficient coverage.</SPAN><P>"],
		    [207, 34, "images/positector6000_1.gif", "PosiTector 6000", "<BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Large, easy-to-read LCD with menu-driven user interface with multilingual support including: English, Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese, Dutch, Finish, Norwegian, Russian, Turkish, Czech and Italian</LI><LI>Instant Automatic Gauge Setup</LI><LI>Two-button operation</LI><LI>Auto power-up on Built-In Probe gages; Auto power-down on all gauges</LI><LI>Average Zero feature; Ideal for zeroing the gauge on rough substrates</LI><LI>Reset feature instantly restores gage factory settings</LI><LI>Instructions on back of each gauge</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Durablity<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Wear-resistant ruby probe tip on REGULAR and BUILT-IN Probes</LI><LI>Solvent, acid, oil, water and dust resistant</LI><LI>Gauge readings unaffected by vibration</LI><LI>One year warranty on all gages</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Accuracy<BR></SPAN><table><TR><TD width=50%><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Certificate of Calibration showing traceability to NIST included with every gauge</LI><LI>Exceptional accuracy as specified on Ordering Guide Page</LI><LI>Matching Calibration Standards and Procedures available for every gauge</LI><LI>Conforms to National and International Standards</LI></UL></SPAN></TD><TD width=50%><img src='images/positector6000_2.jpg'></TD></TR></TABLE><P><span class='subheadertext'>Versatility<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Mils/Microns/mm Switchable</LI><LI>Easily Adjustable to any known thickness</LI><LI>Various probe configurations serve a wide variety of applications</LI><LI>Backglow display for dim or dark environments</LI><LI>All PosiTector 6000 Gages are available in your choice of Basic, Standard and Memory configurations</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Unique Combination Gauge (FN models)<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>ONE gage measures on ALL metals using only ONE probe</LI><LI>Automatic Ferrous/Non-Ferrous selection</LI><LI>Eliminates confusion and possible operator error</LI><LI>Measures galvanizing on steel, anodizing on aluminum, paint and powder on any metal, chrome on steel and more</LI><LI>Unique N-Lock feature for measuring over slightly magnetic substrates; i.e. clear-coat on gold over nickel plated brass</LI><LI>Available in both Built-in and Separate Probe configurations</LI><LI>The ideal choice for Powder Coaters</LI></UL><P></SPAN>"],
		    [208, 34, "images/PosiTest DFT1.jpg", "PosiTest DFT", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>The new PosiTest DFT Coating Thickness Gage measures coatings on ALL metals. It is the economical choice that retains the uncompromising quality of Inopave inspection instruments.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Ideal for...<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Powder Coaters</LI><LI>Paint Applicators</LI><LI>Coating Inspectors</LI><LI>Painting Contractors</LI><LI>Automotive Refinishers, Resellers, Dealerships & Inspectors</LI><LI>and more...</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Features<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Fast, repeatable measurements</LI><LI>No calibration required for most applications</LI><LI>ZERO feature for rough or curved surfaces</LI><LI>Handy RESET feature when no zero reference is available</LI><LI>Strong, wear resistant, ruby-tipped probe</LI><LI>Audible and visible measurement indication</LI><LI>V-groove in probe for positioning on cylindrical parts</LI><LI>Mils/Microns switchable</LI><LI>Basic instructions on the back of each gage</LI></UL><P></SPAN><div align=center><img src='images/PosiTest DFT2.jpg'></div>"],
		    [209, 34, "images/PosiTector 2001.jpg", "PosiTector 200", "<BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Fast measurement of total coating thickness</LI><LI>Large, easy-to-read LCD with menu-driven user interface</LI><LI>Two-button operation</LI><LI>Ready to measure - No adjustment required to measure most coatings</LI><LI>Hand-held, battery operated (2 AA)</LI></UL><P></span><span class='subheadertext'>Durable<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Sturdy compact design is solvent, acid, oil, water and dust resistant</LI><LI>Rugged carrying case</LI><LI>One (1) year warranty</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Accurate<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Proven non-destructive ultrasonic technique conforms to ASTM-D6132</LI><LI>Certificate of Calibration showing traceability to NIST included with every gauge</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Versatile<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Mils/Microns switchable</LI><LI>Internal Memory stores up to 1000 readings</LI><LI>Continually displays/updates average, standard deviation, min/max thickness and number of readings while measuring</LI><LI>Flip Display enables right-side-up viewing whether the gage is in your hand or on a table</LI><LI>Backglow display for dim or dark environments</LI></UL><P><div align=center><IMG SRC='images/PosiTector 2002.jpg'></div></SPAN>"],
		    [210, 34, "images/PosiTector 100_1.gif", "PosiTector 100", "<BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Gauge graphically and numerically indicates up to FIVE (5) individual layers simultaneously</LI><LI>Large graphic display provides simple yet detailed analysis of coating thickness data at-a-glance</LI><LI>Easy Soft-key operation uses pop-up menus to guide the user through gauge operations</LI><LI>Instructions printed on back of each gage</LI><LI>Automatic or user-configured setup</LI><LI>Adjustment for various coating/substrate combinations</LI><LI>Automatic Power-up/power-down; Gauge is always ready to measure</LI><LI>RESET feature instantly restores gage to factory settings</LI><LI>Gage is equipped with (2) C size alkaline batteries</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Versatile<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Gauge measures both single and multiple coating layers, as well as total thickness</LI><LI>Interchangeable probes; Instant and automatic probe recognition; Three (3) probes available</LI><LI>Mils/Microns switchable</LI><LI>Average and standard deviation instantly displayed for each reading</LI><LI>Easily adjustable to known layer thickness</LI><LI>Adjustable to coating and substrate roughness using Gate adjustment</LI><LI>Gauge is ideal for use in many industries for various applications – from automotive parts to wood flooring</LI><LI>Ideal for use in the field , on the factory floor, or in a lab</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Durable<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Rugged, lightweight construction</LI><LI>Solvent, acid, oil, water and dust resistant</LI><LI>Quality, high-flex probe cable resists breakage</LI><LI>Wear-resistant carrying case included</LI><LI>1 year warranty</LI></UL><P></SPAN><div align=center><img src='images/PosiTector 100_2.jpg'></div><P>"],
		    [211, 34, "images/PosiTest1.gif", "PosiTest F/FM/G/GM", "<BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Positive visual and audible indicators to designate when thickness reading is established</LI><LI>V grooves in probe housing and Gauge base allow correct positioning on cylindrical objects</LI><LI>Compact, lightweight, precisely balanced, Independent of gravity - Gauge can be used in any position</LI><LI>GO / NO-GO button can be pre-set for rapid measurement</LI><LI>Probe contact and dial rotation all in a one-finger operation</LI><LI>Gauge is furnished with wrist strap, neck strap and instructions in a high quality leather case with belt loops for your convenience</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>ACCURACY<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Highly wear resistant Carbide Probe for longest life and continuous accuracy</LI><LI>Modern and up-to-date gauge Scale Ranges fit all applications</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>DURABILITY<P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Extra rugged gauge housing, not affected by mechanical shock, water, acid or solvents</LI><LI>Unique overall gage design, fully supported, positive positioning, no pivoting tendencies during measurement</LI><LI>Gage can be used fully supported or with only the front probe area contacting the surface</LI><LI>Functions on a permanent rare-earth cobalt magnet, no battery</LI><LI>Explosion Proof - Refinery safe</LI><LI>1 year warranty</LI></UL><P></SPAN><div align=center><img src='images/PosiTest2.jpg'></div><P>"],
		    [212, 34, "images/PosiPen1.jpg", "PosiPen", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>PosiPen  can be placed with pin-point accuracy on any location of the part to be measured which other Gages are not able to reach.<P>PosiPen measures:<P><UL><LI>on hot surfaces</LI><LI>on small surfaces</LI><LI>in different positions</LI></UL><P>PosiPen has a very small unique magnet and therefore can measure on extremely small parts, on peaks and valleys.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Measurement<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'>PosiPen is manufactured in three versions:<P><UL><LI>PosiPen Model A for measurements on surfaces with normal temperatures</LI><LI>PosiPen Model B for measurements on surfaces with extreme temperatures (between  -150°F and +450°F or -100°C and +230°C)</LI><LI>PosiPen Model C  ferrite comparator</LI></UL><P>PosiPen A and B have two scales, microns (metric) and mils (inch)<P></SPAN><table><TR><TD rowspan='2' width=50%><img src='images/PosiPen2.gif'></TD><td width=50%><span class='normaltext'>Range:  0.25 to 20 mils (inch)<BR>Tolerance ±10% and 0.1 mil</SPAN><P></TD></TR><TR><TD><span class='normaltext'>Range: 5 to 500 microns (metric)<BR>Tolerance ±10% and 2.5 microns</SPAN></TD></TR></table>"],
		    [213, 34, "images/Powder Checker1.gif", "Powder Checker", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>Check Powder thickness with Powder Checker before curing to help insure correct cured film thickness the first time through the line.  Avoid stripping and re-coating which can cause problems with adhesion and coating integrity.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>VERSATILITY<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Ideal for set-up and quality control</LI><LI>Works on a variety of part sizes, shapes and substrates such as metal, plastic, wood, glass, and more</LI><LI>Easy to carry; convenient shirt pocket size</LI><LI>Available in microns (metric) or mils (inch)</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>QUALITY<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Broad stand-offs on both sides of teeth help keep gage perpendicular to surface when measuring</LI><LI>Rugged aluminum construction for long gage life and static control</LI><LI>Precision gage; manufactured to a tolerance + 5 microns or + 0.0002 inch</LI><LI>Protective leather pouch included with each gage</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Simple Operation<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><OL><LI>Push the Powder Checker perpendicularly into the dry powder so that the two stand-offs (end tabs) on both sides of the teeth rest firmly on the substrate.</LI><LI>Drag the Powder Checker along the surface of the coated part for at least 1 centimeter.</LI><LI>Remove the Powder Checker from the surface and examine the marks left in the powder.</LI></OL><P>The powder thickness is between the highest numbered tooth which made a mark and has powder clinging to it, and the next highest tooth which left no mark and has no powder clinging to it.<P>Example: The 75 and 150 micron teeth both make lines and have powder clinging to them but the 225 mil tooth does not.  The uncured powder thickness is determined to be between 150 and 225 microns.<P>Note - Most powders cure to approximately 50% of their dry thickness.  Marks left by the gage may affect the characteristics of the cured film.<P></SPAN><table><TR><TD width=70%><table width='100%' border=1 cellspacing=0 align='center'><TR><TD width='40%'><span class='normaltext'>Powder Checker Models</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>Height Tooth 1</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>Height Tooth 2</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>Height Tooth 3</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>Height Tooth 4</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width='40%'><span class='normaltext'>Model 1 (mils)</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>3</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>6</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>9</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>12</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width='40%'><span class='normaltext'>Model 2 (mils)</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>10</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>15</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>20</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>25</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width='40%'><span class='normaltext'>Model 3 (mils)</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>20</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>30</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>40</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>50</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width='40%'><span class='normaltext'>Model 4 (um)</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>75</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>150</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>225</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>300</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width='40%'><span class='normaltext'>Model 5 (um)</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>250</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>375</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>500</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>625</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width='40%'><span class='normaltext'>Model 6 (um)</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>500</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>750</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>1000</SPAN></TD><TD width='15%'><span class='normaltext'>1250</SPAN></TD></TR></table></TD><TD width=30%><img src='images/Powder Checker2.gif' width='100' height='120'></TD></TR></table><P>"],
		    [214, 34, "images/positectorUTG1.jpg", "PosiTector UTG - Ultrasonic Wall Thickness Gage", "<BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Large easy-to-read, graphics LCD with multilingual support:  English, Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese, Dutch, Finish, Norwegian, Russian, Turkish, Czech and Italian</LI><LI>Two-button menu-driven user interface</LI><LI>Quick operating instructions on back of each gauge</LI></UL><P.</SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Durability<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Sturdy/compact gage design is acid, oil, water and dust resistant</LI><LI>Wear resistant probe tip</LI><LI>Rugged carrying case</LI><LI>Two (2) year limited warranty on all PosiTector UTG gauges</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Accuracy<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Sensitive dual element transducer  provides fast, accurate readings</LI><LI>Certificate of Calibration showing traceability to NIST included with every gauge</LI><LI>Automatic V-Path Compensation for thin materials</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Versatility<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Inch/mm switchable</LI>Single or two point adjustment</LI><LI>HiLo Alarm - audibly and visibly alerts when measurements exceed operator selected limits</LI><LI>Internal Memory - stores up to 250 readings</LI><LI>Backglow Display - on/off switchable for dark environments</LI><LI>Flip Display - enables right-side-up viewing whether the gauge is in your hand or on a work table</LI><LI>Scan Mode - measures rate of 20 readings per second with onscreen min/max allows for quick inspection over a large area</LI></UL><P></SPAN>"],
		    [215, 34, "images/Gloss&Lab.jpg", "Gloss And Physical Lab Equipments", "<BR><span class='normaltext'>An ergonomic aluminium handle combined with an ultra-hardened steel multi-blade cutting tool allows easy cutting of all kinds of coatings including hard epoxies.The cutting tools are easily exchangeable.<P>A testmethod for assessing the resistanceof paint and coatings to separation from substrates when a right- angle latticepattern is cut into the coating through to the substrate.<P></SPAN>"],
		    [216, 35, "images/winches1.jpg", "Winches", "<BR><span class='normaltext'><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Selecting the right Winch</span><BR>Inopave have a wide range of winches, from small hand-portable 450 metre through to 3000 capacity models. Our winches are widely recognised for their exceptional quality of construction, advanced design and proven reliability.<P>The winch system is often given less consideration than the data acquisition system or the logging tools, however it is usually the winch that fails. With this in mind Inopave provides a large range of rugged, reliable and trouble free winch systems.<P><span class='subheadertext'>Inopave Winches include the following features:</span><BR><UL><LI>Durable construction of aluminium and stainless steel</LI><LI>Compact, low maintenance light weight designs</LI><LI>Powered by hand crank of 12VDC, 115/240VAC motor drives</LI><LI>Electronic sensing of cable depth and logging direction</LI><LI>Mechanical odometer counter</LI><LI>Remote Speed Controller for added convenience</LI><LI>Automatic cable spooling with precision cable laying mechanism</LI><LI>Manual hand crank always supplied in case of power failure</LI><LI>Standard logging speeds, 1 to 30 metres per minute</LI><LI>A clutch is fitted so that the drive motor may be disengaged as required</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Technical Notes<BR></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><B>Nonmagnetic Construction:</B> Winching systems are of a strong nonmagnetic construction, using mainly aluminium and stainless steel. This is done to reduce interference particularly in electric logging tools. A secondary benefit is a significant reduction in weight.<P><B>Motor Drive Power:</B> Optional motor drive power of 12vdc, suitable for all single conductor models and the W300-4) 115 and 230 vac or vdc is available. A remote contol is supplied with all models. It is recommended that power be selected that conforms to local area power requirements. This is particularly useful for connection directly to mains power during times of training, testing and repairing.<P><B>Logging Speed:</B> The speed control for the winching system is variable between 0 and 30 metres per minute (0 and 100 feet) with accurate logging speeds between 0.5 and 30 metres per minute (2 and 100 feet). If special speeds less than 0.5 or more than 30 metres per minute are required consult the factory so appropriate gear ratios can be fitted.<P><B>Brake System:</B> This winching system is provided with a disc brake system for maximum operator control and safety. The manual disc brake is a locking brake for holding the winch stationary or can be used for emergency stopping or for control when lowering tools into the borehole, a second hydroloc activated brake is fitted to most of the largher models.<P><B>Speed Control:</B> The winching system when used with a motor drive includes solid state variable speed controller with remote control. This can be mounted near the winch in a self contained box or can be remotely installed in a cabinet with the other logging instruments. For cabinet mounting the controller unit is Euro construction and a Euro bin is required.<P><B>Depth Counter:</B> The mechanical counter is mounted on all winch's in a convenient location. It provides a reading in metres and tenths of a metre. For depth measurement in feet the reading is in feet and tenths of a foot. the counter is spring loaded and can be easily reset to 0 or other predetermined depth.<P><B>Measuring Wheel:</B> The precision measuring wheel is made from stainless steel and allows for accurate measurement of tool depth. Depth measurement accuracy better than 0.01% is standard.<P><B>Depth Encoder:</B> A unique electronic depth sensor mounted in the measuring wheel assembly provides an accurate pulse signal used for driving chart recorders, digital readout display, or for storage of log tool data on magnetic tape or disk. The interval between depth pulses is 10 mm which allow for very accurate recording of depth and log date.<P><B>Cable Spooling:</B> An automatic cable level wind system is incorporated with the measuring wheel assembly. The measuring wheel tracks across the cable drum to provide a neat consistent cable lay. A manual adjustment capability is included.</SPAN>", "Borehole Logging", "lab_geotechnical_list.asp?ProductID=35"],
		    [217, 35, "images/boreholeTV.gif", "Borehole TV", "<span class='subheadertext'>Types of Borehole TV</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Inopave offer two cameras, which are as follows:<P><B>1. Mighty Cam:</B><P>MIGHTY CAM is a complete miniature CCTV inspection system,designed for quick setup. Simply connect a power supply, with the reel and the system is ready for use.<P>Borehole Television System. The system consists of a miniature waterproof COLOUR camera, hand wind and motor driven reels with optional cable lengths of 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 metres and a high resolution combination Colour Monitor / Video Recorder with attached surface interface unit.<P>SYSTEM - Specifications<P><UL><LI>Power Requirements 12volts DC 2.5 amps</LI></UL><P>CAMERA - Electronic<P><UL><LI>380 + lines horizontal resolution</LI><LI>0.2 lux @ F1.4 infra red & low light sensitive</LI><LI>Electronic shutter 1/50 to 1/100 000 sec</LI><LI>Automatic gain control > 18db</LI><LI>Signal to noise ratio > 50 cB</LI><LI>Std CCIR composite 75 ohm video output</LI><LI>Spectral sensitivity 400 to 940 mm</LI><LI>12 parallel lines of LEDS @ 100mA</LI><LI>Power requirements 12 volts DC 120mA</LI></UL><P>MECHANICAL<P><UL><LI>38mm steel housing</LI><LI>Perspex front lens</LI><LI>O-ring seals</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='normaltext'><B>2. AUSCAM Borehole Television System:</B><P>The AUSCAM operates on your four conductor logging cable, ideal for visual inspection of borehole, including:<P><UL><LI>Looking for blockages in water wells</LI><LI>Geological inspection and logging</LI><LI>Viewing sources of contamination</LI><LI>Identifying damaged casings or screens</LI><LI>Locating lost pumps or tools</LI><LI>Inspecting encrustations</LI><LI>Verifying the success of repairs and cleaning operations</LI><LI>Assisting in the feasibility of rehabilitating old wells</LI></UL><P>Auscam is fitted with a standard four conductor tool head and can be used with your existing geophysical logging winches utilising four conductor cable.<P>The Auscam system is very simple to operate, consisting of the downhole camera and surface control unit with video picture monitor. Add a domestic video recorder to complete the system and allow clear sharp colour images to be recorded to a depths of 300 metres, and Blacl and White images in excess of 500 metres. An audio input is also provided so the operator can record a voice commentary.<P>A choice of either a high resolution Black & White or Colour CCD (digital) cameras are available, both are coupled to a wide-angle lens fitted with an automatic iris.<P>Imposed onto the video image are depth measurement and hole identification, this is displayed on the monitor in real time, and may be recorded using an economical domestic video recorder in either NTSC or PAL format for play back at a later date.<P>The video signal cannot be run without loss of picture quality through more than 500 metres of four conductor logging cable.<P><div align=center><img src='images/boreholeTV1.gif'></div></SPAN>", "Borehole Logging", "lab_geotechnical_list.asp?ProductID=35"],
		    [218, 35, "images/Envirolog.gif", "Envirolog", "<span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>ENVIROLOG 1 and 4 are portable lightweight Digital Logging Systems including a 12Vmotorised winch, ideally suited for the environmental, groundwater, geotechnical and some mineral exploration applications. It incorporates a built in winch and DLS electronic system.<P>Envirolog uses a notebook PC to control the system, to record and display logging data. Software for acquisition logging, display, plotting and interpretation of data is provided as standard.<P>Provided with Envirolog is a lightweight tripod with encoder that provides accurate depth measurement.<P>Envirolog supports a full suite of probes including Natural gamma/SP/SPR, Fluid Conductivity/Temp, flowmeter, caliper and many others.<P>Features Include<P><UL><LI>Convenient Single Package Design – Very Portable</LI><LI>Proven DLS System Electronics 200m Single Conductor System OR 100m 4 Conductor System</LI><LI>Durable Stainless Steel Case</LI><LI>Winch Drive 12V DC with variable speed</LI><LI>Weight – 35Kg</LI><LI>Dimensions – 550 x 340 x 325mm</LI><LI>Power Requirements – 12VDC</LI><LI>Options – 200m of 1 Conductor cable OR 100m of 4 Conductor cable</LI></UL><P></SPAN>", "Borehole Logging", "lab_geotechnical_list.asp?ProductID=35"],
		    [219, 35, "images/SIRLOG.gif", "SIRLOG System", "<span class='subheadertext'>SIROLOG Spectrometric Tools</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Geophysical logging has become an integral part of modern exploration activities and mine development. CSIRO Exploration and Mining has developed the SIROLOG spectrometric borehole logging system to provide the exploration and mining industry with a nuclear borehole logging system that is both safe and portable, and can provide on-line, quantitative data.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>How It Works</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The spectrometric nuclear logging system, SIROLOG, employs three techniques:<P><UL><LI>Natural-gamma</LI><LI>Gamma-gamma</LI><LI>Neutron-gamma</LI></UL><P>The system analyses the energy spectrum of gamma rays from the rock allowing quantitative evaluation of ore and rock types.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Key Application Areas </SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The SIROLOG system can be used in coal, metalliferous and industrial minerals applications. Specialised Logging tools and interpretation techniques have been customized for each technique. This system can provide improved control in the following areas of application.<P><UL><LI>exploration</LI><LI>ore body delineation</LI><LI>ore reserve calculations</LI><LI>mine planning, development and production</LI><LI>grade control</LI><LI>This system has been used for coal and has application in iron, manganese, lead and zinc. Preliminary work also suggests that these tools may be useful for copper, sulphur, nickel, phosphate, bauxite and mineral sands</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Benefits Of Spectrometric Logging </SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>here are major benefits of using the SIROLOG system:<P><UL><LI>better sampling statistics because it samples a much larger volume of rock than core samples</LI><LI>results are provided in real-time</LI><LI>saves money by providing information from open holes, which are cheaper to drill than cored holes</LI></UL><P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Winview Spectrometric Log Interpreter Software</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>WinView (tm) is a Windows implemented interpretation package for all spectrometric loggings systems. It is user friendly and provides powerful visualization of the energy spectra, selection of regions of interest, generation of log files by use of preset calibration parameters, modification of processing control parameters, generation of representative protoype spectra and automated interpretation of the spectra. This code is useful for:<P><UL><LI>Verification of the performance of the probes in field or office</LI><LI>Generation of hard copy prints of spectra and interpretations</LI><LI>Generation of output files for other applications (eg in LAS or other customized formats)</LI><LI>Batch processing of groups of logs</LI><LI>Estimation of average production parameters from any chosen production range within the borehole</LI></UL><P>Equipment for in-situ analysis using low activity sources significantly simplifies safety procedures and reduces to a minimum the source radiation risk, making it an environmentally friendly tool.<P></SPAN>", "Borehole Logging", "lab_geotechnical_list.asp?ProductID=35"],
		    [220, 36, "images/Seismic Series.jpg", "Crosshole/Downhole Seismic Series", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applicable On:</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Soil and Rock<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Test for:</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>Soil and Rock Dynamic Properties, UBC Seismic Requirements, Power Plant Foundation Design Site Characterization, Liquefaction Potential, Vibrating Machine Foundations<P>For downhole method of determining seismic velocities and properties of soil and rock by measuring their compression and shear wave velocities.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Models Available:</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>1. CS/DS-1: 1-Triaxial Geophone with air bladder (source and rods not included)<BR>2. CS/DS-2: 2-Triaxial Geophones with air bladders (source and rods not included)</SPAN>", "Geophysical System Solution", "lab_geotechnical_list.asp?ProductID=36"],
		    [221, 36, "images/Surface Waves G-Series.jpg", "Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves G-Series", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applicable On:</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Subsurface Soil and Rock profiles out to depths of over 100 feet.<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Test for:</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>Determination of velocity profiles, i.e., velocity and thickness of layered systems such as subsurface soil and rock from the ground surface without drilling<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Models Available:</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>1. SASW-G2: 2 data channels with 4 geophones: (2)1 Hz and (2)4.5Hz<BR>2. SASW-G4: 4 data channels with 4 geophones: (2)1 Hz and (2)4.5Hz<BR>3. SASW-G8: 8 data channels with 8 geophones: (4)1 Hz and (4)4.5Hz</SPAN>", "Geophysical System Solution", "lab_geotechnical_list.asp?ProductID=36"],
		    [222, 36, "images/Geotomography Seismic System.gif", "Geotomography Seismic System ", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applicable On:</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Subsurface Karst/Sinkhole, Soil and Rock, Concrete and Embankment Dams, and Concrete Foundation/Rock Interace Studies<P></SPAN><span class='subheadertext'>Test for:</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>Velocity Tomogram Images of: Subsurface Voids and Caverns, Rock Competency, and Voids, Honeycomb, Cracks, Uncured or Weak Concrete<P>The Inopave Instruments GEOT-1 system consists of a string of 8 hydrophones at 1-2 m spacings (typical) as shown and a sonic piezoceramic or mechanical source (not shown). The hydrophones have waterproof connectors, and are downhole amplified for high sensitivity. The hydrophone string plugs directly into modules on the the Freedom Data PC for data collection. The 8 channel amplified hydrophone string is thus suitable for travel time (velocity) tomographic imaging of subsurface conditions for geophysical engineering purposes, and can also be used for faster Parallel Seismic tests of more massive deep foundations (see Foundation section). If more powerful sources are needed, custom electrical/mechanical sources can be developed.<P>The ability given by Crosshole Tomograhy testing and analysis is the ability to see the shape of an anomaly such as karst voids in sinkhole studies to better judge its extent and severity between each tested cased borehole pair. Our geotomography systems have been used in karst studies, abandoned coal mines, concrete dams, bridge footing/rock interface studies to image massive concrete and subsurface soil and rock conditions with velocity tomography.<P>As an example of the geotomography results from the use of the GEOT-1 system, a tomogram from between two coreholes through a concrete footing foundation into the underlying shale bedrock is shown below. The 2-D tomogram clearly shows the bottom of the footing concrete as the faster velocity material from 0 to about 2.5 meters on the Z depth axis. Zones of slower velocity, medium hard shale to faster velocity, hard shale bedrock are also shown below the footing. The velocity scale on the right is in units of meters per millisecond, so a value of 4.0 equals 4,000 meters per second.</SPAN>", "Geophysical System Solution", "lab_geotechnical_list.asp?ProductID=36"],
		    [223, 38, "images/Mapping Software.jpg", "OFM-500 Optical Fiber Mapping Software", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>OFM-500 Optical Fiber Mapping Software addresses the state of the network directly from the desktop. This powerful automated mapping (AM), facilities management (FM), and geographic information system (GIS) software consolidates data entered manually or through other applications. Information from maps, photos, drawings to files showing OTDR, as well as CD and PMD measurements are collected in one, centralized database. The information is easily retrieved, cross referenced, and shared among multiple users.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Company-wide access to all data</LI><LI>Automatic route finding</LI><LI>Integrated advanced alarm management</LI><LI>Documentation updated from an OTDR trace</LI><LI>Duct management</LI><LI>Multi-network capability</LI><LI>Offers seamless integration with Optical Network Monitoring System (ONMS)</LI><LI>A completely open GIS architecture</LI><LI>Graphical user interface (GUI) for easy operation</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>OFM shares centralized up-to-the-minute information between multiple users, giving easy access to the state of the fiber optic network</LI><LI>Improves operation and maintenance (O&M) tasks by identifying network resources status, including available, used, dead, reserved, spare, and lit</LI><LI>Pinpoints customers and services in relation to various fiber plants</LI><LI>If there is a fiber fault, OFM-500 software finds the affected customers and services with the exact fault location and identifies alternative cable routes</LI><LI>Prototyping of new fiber links</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Allows for multiple users and is compatible with the majority of existing GIS formats</LI><LI>Tabular and graphical data are stored in Oracle(R)</LI><LI>Seamless integration with the ONMS for fiber monitoring</LI><LI>Provides documentation and analysis of all fiber strands within a fiber sheath</LI><LI>Make, break, or view splice connections with color-coded fibers</LI><LI>Design, map, and document all headend connections</LI><LI>Link customers and services to the fiber's route</LI><LI>OFM shares centralized up-to-the-minute link measurement files of fiber routes</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Optical Transport", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=38"],
		    [224, 38, "images/Acterna Optical Handheld.jpg", "Optical Handheld Family of Test Instruments", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>With over 20 years of experience and 70,000 units in the field, it continues to set industry standards for optical handheld instruments. It offers future-proof optical handheld instruments that are ready for the industry’s newest applications including FTTx, CWDM, DWDM, 40 Gbps, Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet.<P>Optical handheld family of test instruments includes a complete line of optical power meters, optical level attenuators, laser sources, test kits, loss test sets, return loss meters, and accessories for every field application for fiber optic networks.</SPAN><P>", "Optical Transport", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=38"],
		    [225, 38, "images/FST-2000 TestPad.jpg", "FST-2000 TestPad (Version 6 UIM)", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The FST-2000 TestPad represents the latest TestPad platform development allowing technicians to use Internet technology, a remote graphical user interface (GUI), and various wireless connectivity tools to lower the cost of the testing process. The FST-2000 is a TechSync-enabled solution.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Internet browser option allows for access to a company's Intranet for retrieval of M&Ps, engineering records, and work orders</LI><LI>Wireless technologies including 802.11 and Bluetooth make laptop integration easy for a field technician</LI><LI>Remote GUI feature allows for testing from browser-capable remote devices, such as laptops, PCs, and pocket PCs</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Workorder integration and close-out testing via PC integration - Enables integration with PC devices for access to back-office systems and workorder databases, utilizing Internet-based technologies. Connects to a laptop via wireless or wired connections</LI><LI>Remote probe - Allows centrally located technicians to access and perform testing with the FST-2000 located at the customer premise or unmanned CO using analog dial-up/Ethernet access and a standard Internet browser</LI><LI>Technical support - Enables technical support personnel to provide real-time support to technicians in the field who may have problems setting up test equipment using a variety of modem technologies and a standard Internet browser</LI><LI>Reduces the need for bringing a laptop to every job - Provides basic PC functionality, including file transfer, VT100 emulation, printing capabilities, Internet browser, Ethernet, and analog modem access</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'></SPAN><P><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Browser-based remote GUI provides a compatible solution with previously purchased PC devices and operating systems</LI><LI>Connectivity via RS-232, USB-compatible, and optional 10-BaseT or 100-BaseT access</LI><LI>Support of Bluetooth, Ethernet, 802.11b, and analog modems (via PCMCIA cards) allow for various connectivity options</LI><LI>Standard Internet browser to gather information or use Internet-based applications</LI><LI>Support for custom and pre-configured test scripts</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Optical Transport", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=38"],
		    [226, 38, "images/JitterWander Applications.jpg", "OTN 10/10.7 G Jitter/Wander Applications", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The new ONT-50: OTN 10/10.7 G Jitter/Wander Applications tester enables jitter and wander generation and analysis of 10 Gbps SONET/SDH and 10.7 Gbps OTN (G.709) signals according to ITU-T jitter/wander standards O.172/O.173.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Check jitter and wander values against international standards</LI><LI>Complete 10/10.7 G test solution in one portable mainframe</LI><LI>Combine with advanced technologies, including 2.7 G and Optics</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Verify ITU-T and ANSI compliance of SONET, SDH, and OTN transponder interfaces</LI><LI>Check for correct jitter transfer function of repeaters and crossconnects</LI><LI>Verify output jitter limits for OTN mapping/demapping procedures</LI><LI>Monitor long-term jitter value stability</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Generation and analysis of jitter and wander at 10 and 10.7 Gbps</LI><LI>Automated analysis of MTJ and JTF</LI><LI>Full check of OTN mappings jitter</LI><LI>Recording of jitter over time</LI><LI>Verification of wander values, including TIE, MTIE, and TDEV</LI><LI>Automated analysis of MTW</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Optical Transport", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=38"],
		    [227, 38, "images/Optical Network Tester.jpg", "ONT-512 Optical Network Tester", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Next Generation SONET/SDH devices are highly integrated platforms. They provide very high port density and port counts as well as the ability to support multiple SONET/SDH rings and various new technologies.<P>The ONT-512 mainframe is equipped with 12 slots to house modules of the ONT family, with the ability to simultaneously perform tests.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Multi-functional, multi-port, multi-user, and multi-technology solution for fast and flexible testing of optical transport networks and their subsystems</LI><LI>Rack-mountable solution designed to address digital testing needs in R&D, regression testing, SVT, and maintenance</LI><LI>Includes a choice of plug-in instrument modules for SDH, SONET, OTN, EoS, and Ethernet testing controlled via an easy-to-use touch screen</LI><LI>High accuracy jitter testing and multi-channel capabilities make the ONT-512 an exceptionally versatile test platform for functional, compliance, and performance testing</LI><LI>Designed to keep pace with the high-speed evolution of today's communications technology, the ONT-512 is the essential test tool for manufacturers, installers, and operators of next generation networks</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Multi-port SONET/SDH analysis - Allows for multi-channel BER testing up to OC-192/STM-64</LI><LI>ONT NewGen EoS Application - Allows for evaluation of SONET and SDH signals, including Virtual Concatenation (VC) with LCAS emulation, Generic Frame Procedure (GFP), and Ethernet MAC frames</LI><LI>ONT OTN 10/10.7G Jitter/Wander Application - Allows for jitter and wander generation and analysis of 10 Gbps SONET/SDH and 10.7 Gbps OTN signals to G.709 standards</LI><LI>ONT G.709 OTN Application - Provides full functionality for system verification on G.709 equipment</LI><LI>Ethernet Applications</LI><LI>Multi-Channel Applications</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>High coverage with 12-slot, multi-port mainframe</LI><LI>Independent use of modules speeds up testing</LI><LI>Easy integration into automated environments with Tcl/Tk and LabWindows libraries, multi-user access, and Linux operating systems</LI><LI>Rack mountable</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Optical Transport", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=38"],
		    [228, 38, "images/OpticalTransport.jpg", "OFI-2000 Family Bi-Directional Optical Loss Test Set", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The OFI family is a new generation of handheld fiber testers that provide installers and field service groups with over 50% time savings compared to other loss testers. OFI-PON is the latest addition to the family, extending applications to Fiber to the Home services.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Fully automated bi-directional loss test set for fiber loss and length testing for telecommunications, CATV, DWDM, and PON systems</LI><LI>Reduces the number of testers to carry in the field with optional ORL, VFL, and optical talkset functions</LI><LI>Fastest loss tester in its class at under 15 s for a full tri-wavelength bi-directional link test</LI><LI>One touch FOX (Fiber Optic eXpert) button requires little or no training</LI><LI>Available in both dual-wavelength and tri-wavelength versions at 1310, 1550, and 1625 nm</LI><LI>New PON version now available for fiber loss and length testing at 1310, 1490, and 1555 nm</LI><LI>Graphical user interface (GUI), SMS messaging, and pass/fail features improve productivity</LI><LI>Powerful report generation with large memory store download via PC software</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Installation and provisioning of fiber plant for telecommunications and PON services</LI><LI>Link optical loss budget baselining, sectional or component loss, and length or ORL</LI><LI>Troubleshoot power levels in telecommunications, PON, and DWDM systems</LI><LI>635 nm VFL option for tracing fibers and faults in patch panels</LI><LI>45 dB full-duplex optical talkset option for near-end/far-end operator communications</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Large Ľ VGA size color screen with GUI</LI><LI>Landscape format for ease-of-use with multiple fiber connections</LI><LI>Near-end and far-end units are master/master with full replication of results</LI><LI>Can be used as a standalone light source and power meter</LI><LI>EIA/TIA color coding for cables with high fiber counts</LI><LI>Compatible with other testing products</LI><LI>Field exchangeable optical connector option is available</LI><LI>FiberBudget (OFS-310) PC software is available complimentary and is downloadable from the Internet</LI><LI>Results can be integrated into a complete Fiber Characterization report using FiberCable PC software</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Optical Transport", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=38"],
		    [229, 39, "images/Stealth Digital Analyzer.jpg", "SDA-5000 Stealth Digital Analyzer", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The SDA-5000 is used for HFC network testing and deployment of digital video, data, and traditional analog services. It is part of a system sweep solution.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Qualifies the network for today's high-growth subscriber services</LI><LI>Reduces technician time for the most labor intensive maintenance and troubleshooting</LI><LI>Advanced QAM analysis for 64, 128, and 256 QAM (optional)</LI><LI>Spectrum display from 5 to 1,000 MHz with cable modem analysis (Zero Span mode)</LI><LI>Totally non-interfering sweep, specifically for 64, 128, and 256 QAM digital channels</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Non-interfering, continuously referenced sweep</LI><LI>Cable modem analysis using Zero Span mode</LI><LI>Full in-service, proof-of-performance analyzer</LI><LI>QAM View option provides complete analysis of digital TV and forward cable modem signals</LI><LI>Find ingress fast with Field View option. Cable technicians working in the field can see the reverse path at the headend</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Forward and reverse sweep in one handheld instrument</LI><LI>QAM View includes BER, MER, and constellation</LI><LI>Equalizer stress and microreflections</LI><LI>QAM ingress (noise-under-carrier)</LI><LI>New graphical test point compensation for easier setup</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Cable", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=39"],
		    [230, 39, "images/Data Management Software.jpg", "FDM-100 Field Data Management Software", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The FDM-100 software helps users manage meter assets, channel and limit plans, and field measurement data. This provides a powerful solution to help manage test instruments and test results and to ensure that test procedures are consistent across users.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Maintains and displays a complete inventory list of DSAM/RSAM units</LI><LI>Configures network settings, security protection, and firmware upgrades for up to 100 DSAMs</LI><LI>Updates the DSAMs in the field with the correct channel plans</LI><LI>Ensures consistency and correct field measurements to eliminate errors</LI><LI>Stores limit plans and deploys them to the DSAMs in the field</LI><LI>Displays test results that can then be archived into individual work folders</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Enables supervisors to share data with technicians to improve troubleshooting</LI><LI>Helps supervisors track technician productivity and accuracy</LI><LI>Ensures that test setup is consistent and correct and that DSAMs are used correctly</LI><LI>Eliminates return service calls and retesting caused by incorrect test setup</LI><LI>Enables supervisors to manage both meter assets and technicians with one software application</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Supports up to 100 DSAMs</LI><LI>Sends data to and receives test results from DSAMs in the field via the local area network (LAN) or RF plant</LI><LI>Notifies managers when specific DSAMs need calibration or updates</LI><LI>Saves time and resources by entering data only once</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Cable", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=39"],
		    [231, 39, "images/Activation Meter.jpg", "DSAM Digital Service Activation Meter", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The DSAM is a high-speed data installer meter that increases the number of cable modem installs per day.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>All-in-one meter includes DOCSIS/EuroDOCSIS service testing and SLM features</LI><LI>Autotest capability with administration security</LI><LI>Environmental resilience and robustness</LI><LI>Extensive help system directly linked to meter capabilities</LI><LI>Multiple language support</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Upstream and downstream verification with CMTS using DOCSIS/EuroDOCSIS protocols. Includes DOCSIS/RF IP throughput and packet loss performance testing. VoIP test options</LI><LI>Digital carrier performance with Quick QAM summary of MER/EVM and pre/post FEC BER</LI><LI>Isolate PC configuration issues with Web Access Test through the customer's cable modem. Optional Ethernet IP throughput and packet loss performance testing</LI><LI>Pre-configured automated tests for digital, analog, and DOCSIS channels</LI><LI>Increase field efficiency with an optional browser interface, over the DOCSIS RF link to your workforce management system using IAS-100 Instrument Application Server software</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>DOCSIS, versions 1.0 and 1.1 based. Optional PacketCable VoIP test capability</LI><LI>4 to 1000 MHz range; 8 MHz and 6 MHz models</LI><LI>Weather and shock-resistant enclosure</LI><LI>Weighs less than 3 lb (1.4 kg)</LI><LI>Analog and digital signal level capabilities</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Cable", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=39"],
		    [232, 39, "images/Field Instrument.gif", "DTS-200 MPEG-2 Field Instrument", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The DTS-200 allows digital network operators and associated equipment vendors to gain remote visibility into their MPEG streams and perform various test applications. The most powerful remote solution on the market, the DTS-200 empowers you to rapidly provision networks and identify problems with equipment and content.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Intuitive interfaces and flexible structure makes MPEG testing easier while providing the simple and rapid access to the data you need</LI><LI>Plug-in modules allow for easy interchange of multiple interfaces to access MPEG-2 streams at traditional, RF, or data test points</LI><LI>Remote operation via a client computer allows you to operate from a home, office, or lab PC</LI><LI>Stand-alone Mode allows for use without a client computer</LI><LI>Customize the tool set and test applications for your needs</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Capture faulty MPEG content for troubleshooting. Expedite vendor and provider responses and identification of problem sources</LI><LI>Playback extended stream files. Source known data and validate networks and equipment</LI><LI>Analyze MPEG-2 streams to verify content, service plans, PIDS, and timing parameters, gaining visibility to the MPEG-2 traffic</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Complete real-time analyzer for MPEG-2 transport streams</LI><LI>Capture and play MPEG-2 streams</LI><LI>Digital interfaces include DVB ASI, DVB SPI, and SMPTE-310M. RF interfaces include QAM, QPSK, and Gigabit Ethernet</LI><LI>Supports MPEG data rates up to 214 Mbps</LI><LI>Plug-in modules expand the product interface options and software</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Cable", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=39"],
		    [233, 39, "images/Analyzer Module.jpg", "RSAM-5600 Remote Service Analyzer Module", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The RSAM-5600 saves technician time daily by remotely testing QAM and Analog RF including MER, BER, and level. An Internet-based interface provides viewing on DSAM meters or PC Internet browsers.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Tests QAM and Analog RF</LI><LI>Level, Spectrum, Constellation, MER, BER, Delta V/A, and limit results provided remotely</LI><LI>View results in the field on DSAM meters or PC Internet browsers</LI><LI>SNMP alarms integrate with OSS and NMS platforms</LI><LI>Integrates with up to eight ISS-5116 input selector switches to monitor up to 128 inputs</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Daily system checks of remote hub sites eliminate driving</LI><LI>Isolate field problems by comparing headend and field results on DSAM meters</LI><LI>Continuously scan and monitor QAM and Analog RF carriers with SNMP alarming</LI><LI>Full scan report shows graphical results of carrier levels compared to limits</LI><LI>Ensure VOD, HSD, and VoIP services remain operational through proactive testing</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Internet server-based software eliminates the need for client licenses</LI><LI>QAM analysis, including power level, MER, and BER</LI><LI>Analog RF analysis includes video level, audio level, and Delta V/A</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Cable", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=39"],
		    [234, 40, "images/Access.jpg", "ANT-5 SDH Access Tester", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The ANT-5 SDH Access Tester is used for the installation and commissioning of SDH, SONET, PDH, and ATM access networks testing line rates from 1.544 Mbps to 2.5 Gbps. Compact, lightweight, cost attractive, but powerful - the ideal field tool.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Each instrument is configurable and upgradeable with all technologies</LI><LI>All interfaces built in: Electrical interfaces for PDH/SDH: T1,E1,E3,DS3,E4, STM-1; Optical interfaces for SDH/SONET: Dual optics Tx up to 2.5 G, covering: STM-1/OC-3, STM-4/OC-12, and STM-16/OC-48</LI><LI>Comprehensive ATM test functionality with all supported bit rates and mappings up to Vc4-4c</LI><LI>PDH Mux/Demux testing down to 64 kbps</LI><LI>Offline viewer for easy instrument configuration and impressive result analysis and report generation on any Microsoft Windows-based printer</LI><LI>Built-in Ethernet port for extended connectivity, enabling remote operation and results transfer</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Installation and commissioning of STM-1/4/16, OC-3/12/48, and E4, DS3, E3, E1, and T1 links</LI><LI>Troubleshooting features for easier fault location</LI><LI>In-service and out-of-service testing with in-line monitor functionality and interruption free service monitoring with ECL NRZ Rx ports</LI><LI>ATM service verification: Testing of ATM carried over PDH, SDH, and SONET</LI><LI>3G/UMTS network installation and commissioning with Channel Explorer functionality detecting active VCI/VPIs</LI><LI>Radio link adjustments by repetitive BERT functionality</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Bit Error Rate testing</LI><LI>Performance analysis according to international standards: G.821, G.826, G.828, G.829, M.2100, and M.2101</LI><LI>S-measurement (includes Service Disruption)</LI><LI>Round Trip Delay measurement</LI><LI>Pointer generation and analysis</LI><LI>Overhead generation and analysis in Hex and clear text format (interpreter) includes path tracing</LI><LI>K-Byte generation, analysis and capture</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Access", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=40"],
		    [235, 40, "images/FST-2802 TestPad.jpg", "FST-2802 TestPad", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The FST-2802 is a handheld Ethernet, Fibre Channel, and IP services test instrument designed to meet the needs of service providers for turning up and troubleshooting these various services. The FST-2802 enables technicians to use one test set to turn up services ranging from 10/100 Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, Fibre Channel, and IP - all from a single TestPad module.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Full line rate traffic generation with variable traffic load characteristics to stress test 10/100/1000 Mbps Ethernet interfaces</LI><LI>Ability to test 1.0625 and 2.125 Gbps Fibre Channel services at 100% wire speed</LI><LI>IP Ping and Traceroute testing for verification of network connectivity</LI><LI>Ability to perform IP Throughput verification and Round Trip Delay testing</LI><LI>Filtering capabilities at L2 and L3 enable users to perform circuit troubleshooting</LI><LI>Dual-port capability for Ethernet and Fibre Channel traffic generation</LI><LI>BER testing at Layer 1 and Layer 2 for Ethernet and Fibre Channel circuits</LI><LI>Loopback frame generation to automatically loop the far-end test at L2 and L3</LI><LI>Remote graphical user interface (GUI) application for remote testing via an analog modem, Ethernet LAN, 802.11, or Bluetooth</LI><LI>Custom and pre-configured test scripts ensure that M&Ps are followed</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Service Level Agreement (SLA) verification via Throughput, Frame Loss, and Round Trip Delay testing for Ethernet, Fibre Channel, and IP services</LI><LI>Automated RFC2544 Conformance testing</LI><LI>Traffic testing with VLAN 802.1Q, 802.1p, DSCP, and TOS prioritization characteristics</LI><LI>Ping and Traceroute testing for verification of network connectivity</LI><LI>Simultaneous testing of two independent circuits with full line rate traffic generation</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Microsoft Windows XP platform with easy-to-use GUI</LI><LI>Variety of applications such as Web Browser, PDF Reader, and online keyboard</LI><LI>File Transfer Protocol (FTP) for storage and transfer of results</LI><LI>Connectivity methods include RS-232, USB, LAN, Bluetooth, 802.11b, and analog modem</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Access", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=40"],
		    [236, 40, "images/FST-2510A TestPad.jpg", "FST-2510A TestPad", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Inopave announces an integrated DS1 to OC-192/STM-64 testing solution that won't weigh you down or slow you down. The FST-2510A TestPad is a high-speed optical analyzer that will help you translate rapid network deployment and service reliability into profitability.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Lightweight, 12-lb form factor allows for fast and easy turn-up and maintenance of SONET/SDH rings and point-to-point links</LI><LI>As an FST-2000 family member, the architecture enables up-to-date support for established and emerging technologies in a single platform</LI><LI>Easy-to-use touch-screen graphical user interface (GUI) simplifies and expedites testing</LI><LI>Dual PCMCIA slots support easy installation of future upgrades and bring added testing functionality and versatility</LI><LI>Scripting commands simplify setup and test automation</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Provision DS1 to 10G signals carried across DWDM networks</LI><LI>Verify end-to-end network performance by using bit error rate (BER) testing and a wide range of stress test patterns</LI><LI>Assess network performance under abnormal conditions by inserting and simulating various errors and alarms</LI><LI>Verify in-service network performance using Monitor and Through modes</LI><LI>More Information</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Test optical interfaces at OC-192/48/12/3, STM-64/16/4/1, DS3/STS-1, and DS1/E1 rates</LI><LI>Transmit and receive 10G signals at either 1310 nm or 1550 nm, or both</LI><LI>Measure Round Trip Delay and APS Switchover Time to verify proper protection switching</LI><LI>Configure and monitor tests using remote control GUI</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Access", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=40"],
		    [237, 40 ,"images/HST-3000 Handheld Services Tester.jpg", "HST-3000 Handheld Services Tester", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The HST-3000 is a handheld, modular platform for copper and multi-service testing. Lightweight, rugged, and battery-operated, the HST-3000 cost-effectively scales to provide an all-in-one solution for field installation, maintenance and troubleshooting across a wide range of test applications. Its automated testing features enable improved productivity and work-process efficiency and the HST-3000 is a Workflow Solutions-enabled platform.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Modular hardware and software architecture is flexible and easily upgraded in the field. Allows testing of multiple services</LI><LI>Future-proof solution for circuit-switch to packet-switch migration</LI><LI>Inopave WorkFlow Solutions support maximizes efficiency and increase productivity through advanced service testing and business process automation. TechComplete enabled</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Complete copper testing including DVOM, TDR, wideband TIMS, spectral noise, and resistive fault locator (RFL)</LI><LI>Applications include: T1, DS3, PCM TIMS, PCM Signaling, DDS-LL, Frame Relay, ADSL/2/2+, HDSL/2/4, G.SHDSL, ISDN PRI, and ISDN BRI</LI><LI>Triple Play testing - Verify Data, VoIP, and IP Video with advanced tests, remote operation, comprehensive system and software platforms, and automated functions</LI><LI>Datacom - RS-232/V.24, RS-449/V.36, EIA-530, V.35, and X.21 interface testing</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Large graphical, backlit, and transflective Ľ VGA LCD</LI><LI>Handheld, rugged and portable. Lightweight (1.3 kg/2.7 lb) and weather resistant. Ideal for field use</LI><LI>Battery operated (up to 10 hours) with swappable battery pack</LI><LI>RS-232, USB, and Ethernet connectivity</LI><LI>PC replacement - Includes file transfer, 8 MB of storage, VT100 emulation, printing, and internet browser</LI><LI>Built-in microphone and speaker with headset connection</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Access", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=40"],
		    [238, 41, "images/Protocol Analyzer.jpg", "8630 Telecom Protocol Analyzer", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The 8630 Telecom Protocol Analyzer provides precise insight into your network. It is designed for operation and maintenance teams for optimizing and troubleshooting tasks in mobile networks. It is also designed for integration and interworking testing in labs.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>All-in-one protocol analyzer includes 2G, 2.5G, and 3G</LI><LI>Covers all UMTS interfaces</LI><LI>Extensive filter functionality</LI><LI>Easy-to-use, customizable graphical user interface (GUI)</LI><LI>User-defined event counters and statistics</LI><LI>GPRS Quality of Service (QoS) and performance analysis</LI><LI>Configurable KPI tools, message and error counters</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Monitoring of UMTS, GPRS (+ Payload), VOIP, GSM, CDMA, SS7, ISDN, and V5</LI><LI>IuB Deciphering</LI><LI>Online and offline analysis</LI><LI>Interoperability and end-to-end service testing</LI><LI>Troubleshooting and maintenance in mobile and fixed networks</LI><LI>GSM and GPRS network optimization software</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>More Information</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Wireless", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=41"],
		    [239, 41, "images/Wireless.jpg", "AirMagnet Wi-Fi Analysis Solutions", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The AirMagnet WLAN analyzer is the industry's best Wi-Fi management tool with a unique combination of superior functionality and usability. The AirMagnet product line includes administrative tools for security management, performance management, installation surveying, connection troubleshooting, and wireless administration.<P>AirMagnet's distributed monitoring system enables 24/7 monitoring of Wi-Fi networks for security and performance issues. It also gives you the ability to troubleshoot local WLANs remotely. The setting of alarms and the integration of the monitoring system into your NOC is possible by SNMP and through other alarm messages.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Real-time monitoring of Wi-Fi networks for security, intrusion, and performance issues</LI><LI>Perform comprehensive overview of WLAN</LI><LI>Analyze WLAN performance</LI><LI>Troubleshoot WLAN connections</LI><LI>Real-time capture and decoding of WLAN packets</LI><LI>Expert engine AirWISE designed for WLAN security and performance problems</LI><LI>Remote sensor enables blocking of rogue devices in the Wi-Fi network</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Security management</LI><LI>Performance management</LI><LI>Installation surveying</LI><LI>Connection troubleshooting</LI><LI>Wireless administration</LI><LI>Remote monitoring, management, and troubleshooting</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Wireless", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=41"],
		    [240, 41, "images/Telecom Protocol Analyzer.jpg", "8631 Telecom Protocol Analyzer", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The 8631 Telecom Protocol Analyzer is the smallest, yet powerful, protocol analyzer for fast troubleshooting of GSM and GPRS networks in the field.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>PCMCIA card with E1/T1 interface that can be plugged into any laptop with a Microsoft Windows-based operating system (OS)</LI><LI>Easy-to-use, customizable graphical user interface (GUI) with predefinition of settings and filters</LI><LI>Extensive filter function down to information element value level</LI><LI>User-defined event counters for statistics</LI><LI>Compatible with the 8630 Telecom Protocol Analyzer</LI><LI>Import from and export to the 8630 and the Signaling Surveillance System</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Protocol analysis</LI><LI>Troubleshooting in mobile and fixed networks</LI><LI>Monitoring of GSM, GPRS, CDMA, SS7, and access networks (ISDN, V5.x)</LI><LI>Online and offline analysis</LI><LI>GPRS network testing</LI><LI>Optimization of GSM and GPRS networks</LI><LI>Additional GSM and GPRS optimization software packages</LI><LI>Statistics for performance evaluation and Quality of Service (QoS) analysis</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>More Information</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Wireless", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=41"],
		    [241, 41 ,"images/Air Interface Test Module.gif", "Base Station and Air Interface Test Module", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The latest module to the TestPad family, the BAT-2700 TestPad Base Station and Air Interface Test Module, is a lightwieght, handy universal RF test tool used by cell site technicians to troubleshoot base stations.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Easy man/machine/interface designed for the field technician</LI><LI>RF cell site maintenance can be accomplished by junior field technicians instead of performance engineers</LI><LI>Allows for troubleshooting of cell sites in operation so that cash flow continues</LI><LI>Capable of detecting interfering signals even beside strong carriers</LI><LI>Protects your investment by utilizing the TestPad (T-BERD) platform</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Support field technicians and engineers on fixing cell site problems or on capturing detailed information to speed expert troubleshooting</LI><LI>Alignment of base station carriers to the rated RF power value</LI><LI>Pretest newly installed base stations on power up before customer acceptance test</LI><LI>Perform RF environment tests and detect interfering signals on both uplink and downlink</LI><LI>Track down interfering emissions by locating the source in the near field</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>A cell site Configuration database reduces the equipment setup to a simple click on the base station name</LI><LI>The automated Pass/Fail test checks a cell site carrier in less than a minute</LI><LI>An ergonomic Power meter allows for alignment even from a far distance</LI><LI>The fast Spectrum analyzer provides the sensitivity of a mobile phone while still maintaining the strong signal robustness needed in a base station environment</LI><LI>A selective VSWR meter provides antenna reflection for each carrier allowing for the detection of specific mismatch problems</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Wireless", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=41"],
		    [242, 41, "images/System Mobile Analyzer.jpg", "ACTeSys Air Performance System Mobile Analyzer (APS MA)", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The Air Performance System Mobile Analyzer (APS MA) is a portable drive test for coverage and Quality of Service (QoS) verification during network installation and deployment.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Script-controlled and fully automated call type and dynamic definition for each module</LI><LI>Support of GSM-R terminals</LI><LI>ASCI feature set according to EIRENE specifications</LI><LI>Coverage measurements by layer 3 trace mobiles</LI><LI>Interface to geographical evaluation software (GES)</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Network performance</LI><LI>Coverage</LI><LI>Functionality</LI><LI>Functionality</LI><LI>Interoperability</LI><LI>Quality of Service</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Tracing and decoding of layer 2 and 3 at Um interface</LI><LI>Manned and unmanned operation</LI><LI>Control and monitoring of location updates and handovers</LI><LI>Activation and deactivation of data services</LI><LI>QoS verification</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Wireless", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=41"],
		    [243, 42, "images/Data Network Analyzer.jpg", "DA-3400 Data Network Analyzer", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The DA-3400 starts testing and displaying results immediately on connection and, for in depth analysis, the DA-3400 includes the Mentor expert analysis system and the Examine decode engine.</SPAN><P>", "Data/IP", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=42"],
		    [244, 42, "images/Analysis Software.gif", "VoIP Analysis Software", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>VoIP deployment over Fast and Gigabit Ethernet, in enterprise and carrier networks, brings new challenges to network support organisations. These include assessing live speech quality and troubleshooting poor call connections. DA-3400 VoIP Analysis Software provides fast assessment of live VoIP calls plus real-time expert analysis of control signalling. Gain fast insight into all aspects of VoIP service and infrastructure while analyzing live service.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Challenges</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Determine relative speech quality across IP networks</LI><LI>Measuring IP call quality against traditional analogue perceptual quality standards</LI><LI>Determining quickly the call delay, the codec, packet loss and network jitter</LI><LI>Determining where in the network errors are affecting call quality</LI><LI>Troubleshooting signalling problems</LI></UL></SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>The VoIP Analysis Software Solution</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The DA-3400 VoIP Analysis software provides visibility into all VoIP calls on the network link. On connection, the VoIP Analysis Software automatically detects all active calls and rates them using the ETSI TIPHON standard. Call control signalling is analyzed with the Mentor Expert system producing signalling statistics, error events and on-line protocol decode to speed up troubleshooting. Easy to use statistics detail individual call parameters plus a graphical representation shows the terminal end points and the problem network section is highlighted.<P><UL><LI>Call detection and cumulative aggregate call quality</LI><LI>Call statistics of individual VoIP calls</LI><LI>TIPHON perceptual call quality assessment of all active calls</LI><LI>RTCP and RTP real time call quality analysis</LI><LI>Call delay, codec identification, lost packets and jitter</LI><LI>Terminal equipment identification and performance</LI><LI>Expert signalling analysis and on-line decode</LI><LI>One-touch capture and decode of signalling protocols</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Data/IP", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=42"],
		    [245, 42, "images/DA-3600A Data Network Analyzer.jpg", "DA-3600A Data Network Analyzer", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The DA-3600A is the most flexible and powerful data network analyzer available with the performance to meet the demanding needs of today's converged networks.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Support for Ethernet, WAN, ATM, and POS</LI><LI>Supports speeds from 56 kbps to 2.4 Gbps</LI><LI>Comprehensive filter, capture, and real-time decode</LI><LI>Portable and distributed operation</LI><LI>Advanced MPLS and VLAN flow classification</LI><LI>Real-time routing and signaling analysis</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Gigabit Ethernet services turn-up, maintenance, and troubleshooting</LI><LI>Monitoring network bandwidth consumption on MPLS over Ethernet-enabled networks</LI><LI>Real-time VoIP and VoATM call-quality analysis</LI><LI>Virus detection and port scanning for source identification</LI><LI>WAN analysis from T1/2M to DS3/E3 supporting FR, PPP, HDLC, Cisco HDLC, and PRI</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Multiple technologies supported in one instrument</LI><LI>Three modes of operation, including Standard, Advanced, and Streaming</LI><LI>Results database</LI><LI>Real-time routing and signaling analysis</LI><LI>Comprehensive traditional analyzer capabilities</LI><LI>Comprehensive report generation</LI><LI>CLI and scripting interface</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Data/IP", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=42"],
		    [246, 43, "images/Operations Support System.gif", "NetOptimize Operations Support System", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The NetOptimize Operations Support System (OSS) effectively monitors traffic loads, tracks deployed inventory, and verifies performance; thereby decreasing operating costs, maximizing equipment investment, reducing customer churn, and increasing revenue and network efficiency.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Carrier-class, multi-vendor, multi-domain network optimization system for PSTN, PBX, SS7, VoIP/VoATM, TDM, SONET, Optical, xDSL, ATM, Frame Relay, POS/MPLS, Metro Ethernet, PON/FTTx, and IP/VPN</LI><LI>Integrates capacity planning, inventory discovery, and performance management functionalities for legacy and next-generation networks</LI><LI>Recovers stranded assets by interacting with the as-built network, helping to reduce capital expenditures</LI><LI>Increases operational efficiencies by improving inventory data integrity, enabling proactive capacity management and reducing provisioning errors and order fallout. Also reduces the mean-time-to-isolate metric for troubleshooting operations</LI><LI>Enables accurate measurement, trending, and forecasting of Quality of Service (QoS) and Service Level Agreement (SLA) statistics<LI></LI>Increases network Return on Investment (ROI) through improved billing, reduced network blockage, and more efficient use of network resources</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Proactive capacity tracking, planning, and forecasting</LI><LI>Automated network inventory discovery and stranded asset auditing</LI><LI>Mechanized billing discrepancy and inventory mismatch analysis</LI><LI>Full-time performance monitoring and QoS verification</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Vendor and technology independent with scalable architecture</LI><LI>Flexible engineering techniques for busy-hour and busy-season analysis, exhaust forecasting and trending components</LI><LI>Rules-based configurable collection, processing, data validation, and reporting</LI><LI>Detect service-affecting conditions with user-defined thresholds</LI><LI>Complete automation for data collection scheduling, report generation, and report distribution</LI><LI>Expert performance parameter correlation and drill-down analysis</LI><LI>Broad network element and element management system interface support, including Class 5/tandem voice switches, PBXs, SS7 STP/SCPs, VoIP soft switches/media gateways/signaling gateways, DACSs, SONET ADMs and DWDM devices, DSLAMs, ATM/Frame Relay switches, Routers/L3 switches, and PON OLTs</LI><LI>Open access to data using a Internet-enabled browser graphical user interface (GUI) for all administration, configuration and Internet storefront report viewing, with options for automatic information transfer and e-mail delivery.</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Systems", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=43"],
		    [247, 43, "images/Systems.jpg", "Quality Management System", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The Quality Management System (QMS) delivers end-to-end network performance monitoring and Quality of Service (QoS) management, providing clear visibility over heterogeneous networks.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Rapid network sectionalization and fault location</LI><LI>Network alarm management and escalation manager</LI><LI>User profiling enables user privileges and access views</LI><LI>Supports a wide range of remote test units</LI><LI>Open systems are compliant through standard interfaces</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Applications</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Perform end-to-end leased line QoS monitoring from one to 30,000 lines</LI><LI>Provision services to validate customized service level agreements (SLAs)</LI><LI>Locate faults and perform maintenance testing</LI><LI>Perform network clock synchronization</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Customer service support for multiple users (up to 300 clients)</LI><LI>Alarm notification and escalation</LI><LI>Network element configuration</LI><LI>Access network reach through with remote CPE elements</LI><LI>Structured and unstructured services, including multiple language support</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Systems", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=43"],
		    [248, 43, "images/Network Management System.jpg", "Optical Network Management System", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Inopave Optical Network Management System (ONMS) offers operators significant commercial advantage through increased productivity, reduced network downtime, and easier, faster network provisioning.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Monitors the fiber optic and DWDM network from a single, standalone OTU, the OTU-9500</LI><LI>Internet-enabled access to the system is available via the familiar environment of a standard Internet browser</LI><LI>Ensures smooth transmission of alarm data and cable documentation to other systems</LI><LI>Tracks each customers' specific optical faults individually</LI><LI>Specific solution for Metro networks</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Application</span><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Improved network availability in that the ONMS monitors the network continuously, alerting operators and managers to faults as they occur</LI><LI>Real-time network status and performance with efficient preventative maintenance schedules</LI><LI>Faster, low-cost service provisioning with efficient tools for management of the cable installation and commissioning process</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Rapid detection and accurate location of fiber and DWDM degradation</LI><LI>Pro-active maintenance</LI><LI>Comprehensive network documentation</LI><LI>Full analysis functionality over the Internet</LI><LI>Duty rosters and alarm management</LI><LI>Easy integration with legacy systems, including GIS and OSS</LI><LI>Generates comprehensive reports</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Systems", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=43"],
		    [249, 43, "images/Monitoring System.jpg", "Monitoring System", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>The PathTrak Return Path Monitoring System is dedicated to monitoring and analyzing multiple return paths. It helps users improve the quality of their return path networks while reducing maintenance costs.</SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Highlights</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Qualify return for VoIP deployment to detect system problems before your customers are affected</LI><LI>Uses ultra-fast, remote spectrum analysis to detect the most transient noise and ingress</LI><LI>Stores historical performance data to reveal performance trends and aid in pro-active maintenance. Optional Data Collection Server (DCS) for Internet-accessible trend analysis</LI><LI>Uses intelligent alarm management to prioritize problem severity</LI><LI>A scaleable system designed to grow as your network grows</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Application</span><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Detect minor problems before major outages occur</LI><LI>Reduce troubleshooting and fault location times</LI><LI>Isolate problems to a single return path with remote, real-time spectrum analysis</LI><LI>Easy analysis of past performance</LI><LI>Compare past RF network performance to other element management error reports</LI></UL></SPAN><P><BR><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Ultra-fast scanning</LI><LI>Remote spectrum analysis</LI><LI>Effective alarms and intelligent alarm management</LI><LI>Economically scalable system</LI><LI>Customized and flexible review of historical data</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Systems", "lab_communication_list.asp?ProductID=43"],
		    [250, 44, "images/Cable and Antenna Analyzer.jpg", "Cable and Antenna Analyzer", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Site Master S331D and S332D covering the 25 MHz to 4000 MHz are designed to accurately locate and identify RF cable feed-line and antenna system faults. These models are ideally suited for any experience level user in installing, commissioning, troubleshooting and maintaining today's wireless systems infrastructures including VHF, broadcasting, paging, cellular, PCS/GSM, 3G, ISM, WLAN and WLL applications.<P>S331D measurement capability includes precision Return Loss/SWR, Cable Loss and Distance-To-Fault (DTF), and optional T1/E1 and power meter measurements. Patented RF interference rejection enables accurate, repeatable measurements in the presence of high RF activity. Data analysis software enables assessment of system trends, problems, and performance in addition to professional report generation.<P>The S332D features spectrum analysis capability and optional power meter capability in addition to Return Loss/SWR, Cable Loss and Distance-To-Fault (DTF) measurements, allowing field engineers and technicians the ability to easily identify and solve RF system problems such as coverage, interference, and other path related signal problems. S332D spectrum analysis ranges from 100 kHz to 3 GHz with one button measurements - Field Strength, Occupied Bandwidth (OBW), Channel Power, Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR), Interference Analysis and Carrier-to-Interference ratio (C/I).<P>The S331D/S332D models include data analysis software, soft carrying case, rechargeable/field-replaceable battery, AC/DC power supply, 12V automobile cigarette lighter adapter and users guide.</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Options:</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Color LCD Display (option 3)</LI><LI>Power Meter (option 29) - does not require external detector</LI><LI>T1/E1 Analyzer (option 50 for S331D Models)</LI></UL></SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Features</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Handheld, battery-operated design</LI><LI>Weighs less than 5 lbs. (including battery)</LI><LI>Built-in worldwide signal standards and frequency channels</LI><LI>Superior Immunity to RF interference</LI><LI>Locate long range problems with 517 data points</LI><LI>Pop-up cable menus containing over 95 cable types</LI><LI>Multilingual User Interface; English, French, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, German</LI><LI>Intuitive and easy to use with On-Screen Test Set-Ups</LI><LI>Saves up to 25 Measurement Test Set-Ups - S331D (Cable and Antenna Analyzer: 10, Power Meter: 5, T1 Analyzer: 5, and E1 Analyzer: 5)</LI><LI>Saves up to 20 Measurement Test Set-Ups - S331D(Cable and Antenna Analyzer: 10, Spectrum Analyzer: 5, and Power Meter: 5)</LI><LI>Saves up to 200 Measurement Traces</LI><LI>Alphanumeric Labeling of Saved Measurements</LI><LI>Automatic Time and Date Stamp of Saved Data</LI><LI>Rechargeable, Field Replaceable Battery</LI><LI>Distance Measurement in Feet and Meters</LI><LI>Information Screens Provide Cable Attenuation and Velocity of Propagation values</LI><LI>6 Markers, Limit Lines, and Segmented Limit Lines</LI><LI>RS232 Interface</LI></UL></SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Spectrum Analysis (S332D only)</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Built in pre-amplifier (standard)</LI><LI>Noise Level  < - 135 dBm typical</LI><LI>Resolution Bandwidth: 100 Hz to 1 MHz in 1-3 sequence</LI><LI>Video Bandwidth: 3 Hz to 1 MHz in 1-3 sequence</LI><LI>Dedicated One-button measurements</LI><LI>+ 43 dBm maximum safe input level</LI></UL></SPAN><P>"], 	
		    [251, 44, "images/Optical Sensors.jpg", "Optical", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Inopave is one of the leading suppliers of optical test and measurement equipment aimed at the expanding fiber-optic telecommunications market. Best known for it's OTDR's, optical spectrum analyzers and EDFA test systems , Inopave can provide a complete range of products for installation, commissioning, maintenance and monitoring applications, as well as for research and development, and production test of complex optical transmission equipment such as DWDM.</SPAN><P>"],
		    [252, 44, "images/Microwave.jpg", "RF and Microwave", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'></SPAN>Inopave manufactures a wide range of RF & Microwave products operating at frequencies up to 110GHz. Product lines include Spectrum Analyzers, Vector Network Analyzers, Power Meters, Signal Generators and Synthesizers and Frequency Counters, as well as a variety of specialized instruments. These products are suitable for use in R&D applications, providing extremely accurate measurements of power, network analysis, signal analysis and frequency, as well as in the manu facture of components, devices and systems. Inopave also manufactures a family of battery powered field testers which offer spectrum, power and return loss measurements in truly hand-held instruments."], 
		    [253, 44, "images/WirelessBluetoothSystem.jpg", "Wireless", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Inopave provides a range of products capable of supporting all of the current major global standards such as GSM, DECT, TETRA, IS-136, PDC, PHS and IS-95 which are suitable for R&D, Manufacturing, Repair and Cell site in stallation & maintenance. In addition, the current product lines have also been recently enhanced to support the latest 2.5G formats, such as GSM HSCSD, GPRS, and EDGE, and also 3G formats including cdma2000 1xRTT and W-CDMA.</SPAN><P>"],
		    [254, 44, "images/DataCommunication.jpg", "Data Communications", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Inopave provides a range of products for Bit Error Rate (BER), Frame and Protocol testing within the areas of R&D, manufacture, installation, maintenance and monitoring of digital communication networks and network devic es which use technologies such as IP, Ethernet, MPLS, SONET, SDH, DWDM, ATM, ISDN, PDH, DSn and the future systems up to 43.5 Gbps. The product range includes test solutions from R&D, manufacturing to field portable analyzers.</SPAN><P>"],
		    [255, 45, "images/Autoline.jpg", "Autoline", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>AutolineTM (New Product Release)</SPAN><BR><span class='normaltext'>Designed for use on pushalong, self propelled and small ride on roadmarking vehicles.  Suitable for tactile or paint, the Autoline products provide quick, easy pattern selection, with adjustable line length and spot marking.   The screen displays a continuous speed readout.  Patterns are customised and there is an automatic calibration feature.  The smart looking units are supplied with a weather cover for added protection.  Download the brochure to see which model suits your requirements.  Autoline Product Information</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>PLUS Autoline Measure</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>For precise linemarking and road asset data.  Use to measure markings or other linear items. Simple measurement selection.  Continuous speed readout.  The Autoline Measure stores up to 100 recordings.  Calibration is automatic and the unit will operate at speeds up to 100 km/hr.<span>", "Road Marking", "lab_marketing_list.asp?ProductID=45"],
		    [256, 45, "images/Retroreflectometer.jpg", "Retroreflectometer", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>Portable, accumulator-powered precision measuring instrument with immediate indication of the measured value directly in mcd ? m-2 ? lx-1, menu-guided in several languages with measured value memory, PC and printer port.<P><span class='subheadertext'>Application areas:</span><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Determination of the night (RL) and/or day visibility (Qd) of road markings, independent on weather and daytime, on the road or in the laboratory by pressing one button</LI><LI>Quality control</LI><LI>Long-term product comparison, product evaluation</LI><LI>Checking of road markings after application and during warranty</LI><LI>Decision on required renewal</LI></UL><P>Optional availability of remote control incl. adjustable handle and wheels as well as GPS (Global Positioning System) for a higher user convenience in the field.</SPAN><P></SPAN>", "Road Marking", "lab_marketing_list.asp?ProductID=45"],
		    [257, 45, "images/Visual retroreflectometer.jpg", "Visual retroreflectometer", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>Visual testing instrument with 1 simulation distance, 30 m, for the smaller budget</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Application areas:</span><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Determination of night visibility as for the ZRM 1013+, however based on a visual determination of retroreflection by comparing the two built-in and exchangeable comparison standards with the road marking to be tested</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Road Marking", "lab_marketing_list.asp?ProductID=45"],
		    [258, 45, "images/Reflectometer.jpg", "Reflectometer", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>Portable, accumulator-powered and sturdy precision reflectometer for the determination of lightness and hiding power</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Application areas:</span><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Determination of day visibility of road markings (whiteness and ?-value)</LI></UL><P>Single-angle-version: 45/0°</SPAN><P>", "Road Marking", "lab_marketing_list.asp?ProductID=45"],
		    [259, 45, "images/Retroreflectometer R’.jpg", "Retroreflectometer R’", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>Precision measuring instrument for the determination of the coefficient of retroreflection R’ with immediate indication of the measured value directly in cd ? lx-1 ? m-2, data storage as well as PC and as option also GPS- and barcode reader connection</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Application areas:</span><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Determination of night visibility of traffic signs, in the field and laboratory use</LI><LI>For all types and colours of retroreflective materials</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Road Marking", "lab_marketing_list.asp?ProductID=45"],
		    [260, 45, "images/Retroreflectometer R’ for warning clothes.jpg", "Retroreflectometer R’ for warning clothes ", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>Precision measuring instrument for the determination of the coefficient of retroreflection R’ with immediate indication of the measured value directly in cd ? lx-1 ? m-2, data storage as well as PC and as option also barcode reader connection</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Application areas:</span><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Determination of night visibility of safety garments in textile dry cleaning industries on outcome inspections</LI><LI>Quality control during goods receipt and in practical use, decision on necessary replacement</LI><LI>For all types of retroreflective materials</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Road Marking", "lab_marketing_list.asp?ProductID=45"],
		    [261, 45, "images/Flow cups.jpg", "Flow cups ", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>Test apparatus for the determination of the flow time of liquids</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Application areas:</span><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>The flow cup is an important test apparatus for the rapid and simple determination of the flow time of liquids</LI><LI>The test can be carried out in the laboratory and during manufacture</LI></UL></SPAN><P><table><TR><TD colspan='2'><span class='normaltext'>Versions:</span></td></TR><TR><TD width='10%'><span class='normaltext'>ZFC 3010</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>FORD cup in accordance with ASTM 1200 with fixed jet Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width='10%'><span class='normaltext'>ZFC 3011</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>Flow cup in accordance with DIN 53211 (withdrawn) with fixed jet of 4 mm</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width='10%'><span class='normaltext'>ZFC 3012</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>Immersion flow cup in accordance with DIN 53211 (withdrawn) with handle and fixed jet of 4 mm</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width='10%'><span class='normaltext'>ZFC 3013</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>Flow cup in accordance with ISO 2431 with fixed jet 3, 4, 5 or 6 mm</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width='10%'><span class='normaltext'>ZFC 3014</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>Immersion flow cup in accordance with ISO 2431 with fixed jet 3, 4, 5 or 6 mm</SPAN></TD></TR></table><P><span class=normaltext>Optional availability of a three-foot stand levelling by adjustable feet with bubble level.</span>", "Road Marking", "lab_marketing_list.asp?ProductID=45"],
		    [262, 45, "images/Universal applicator.jpg", "Universal applicator", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>Applicator for universal use, with adjustable gap height</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Application areas:</span><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Preparation of uniform films of road marking paints, other coating materials, adhesives and similar products on plain substrates for testing purposes</LI><LI>Preparation of wedge-shaped layers</LI></UL><P><table><TR><TD colspan='20%'><span class='normaltext'>Setting range of gap height</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>0 µm to 3'000 µm</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD colspan='20%'><span class='normaltext'>Standard widths</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>60 mm, 80 mm, 100 mm, 150 mm, 200 mm or 220 mm</SPAN></TD></TR></table><P>Customer versions are available on request.</SPAN><P>", "Road Marking", "lab_marketing_list.asp?ProductID=45"],
		    [263, 45, "images/applicator frames.jpg", "4-sided applicator frames", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Application areas:</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>By this design the product to be applied is filled into the frame for preparation of uniform films of coating materials, adhesives and similar products on plain substrates for testing purposes. It also ensures that the product will not get below the guide surface</SPAN><P><table><TR><TD width='10%'><span class='normaltext'>Versions:</SPAN></TD><TD width='20%'><span class='normaltext'>Gap heights in µm</SPAN></TD><TD width='20%'><span class='normaltext'>Film width in mm</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width='10%'><span class='normaltext'>ZAF 2012</SPAN></TD><TD width='20%'><span class='normaltext'>50/100/150/200</SPAN></TD><TD width='20%'><span class='normaltext'>60</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width='10%'><span class='normaltext'>ZAF 2014</SPAN></TD><TD width='20%'><span class='normaltext'>on request</SPAN></TD><TD width='20%'><span class='normaltext'>60</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width='10%'><span class='normaltext'>ZAF 2013</SPAN></TD><TD width='20%'><span class='normaltext'>50/100/150/200</SPAN></TD><TD width='20%'><span class='normaltext'>80</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width='10%'><span class='normaltext'>ZAF 2015</SPAN></TD><TD width='20%'><span class='normaltext'>on request</SPAN></TD><TD width='20%'><span class='normaltext'>80</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width='10%'><span class='normaltext'>ZAF 2016</SPAN></TD><TD width='20%'><span class='normaltext'>on request</SPAN></TD><TD width='20%'><span class='normaltext'>on request until 200</SPAN></TD></TR></table><P><span class='normaltext'>Customer versions are available on request.</span>", "Road Marking", "lab_marketing_list.asp?ProductID=45"],
		    [264, 45, "images/Drying gauges.jpg", "Drying gauges", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>Gauge for testing the drying behaviour</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Application areas:</span><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Laboratory method for testing coating materials and fillers for drying, shrinking, cracking and porosity</LI><LI>For determining the maximum thickness with which coating materials and fillers can be applied</LI></UL></SPAN><P><table width='80%'><TR><TD width='20%'><span class='normaltext'>Versions:</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>Testing range</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width='20%'><span class='normaltext'>ZTK 2060</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>0 to 3,0 mm</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width='20%'><span class='normaltext'>ZTK 2061</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>0 to 2,0 mm</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width='20%'><span class='normaltext'>ZTK 2062</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>on request</SPAN></TD></TR></table>", "Road Marking", "lab_marketing_list.asp?ProductID=45"],
		    [265, 45, "images/Drying time wheel.jpg", "Drying time wheel", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>Laboratory test equipment for the determination of the drying time.<P>The drying time wheel simulates the bearing pressure of a car tyre when passing over a road marking</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Application areas:</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>Determination of the drying time of road marking paints after application in the laboratory</SPAN><P>", "Road Marking", "lab_marketing_list.asp?ProductID=45"],
		    [266, 45, "images/Wet film thickness gauges.jpg", "Wet film thickness gauges", "<span class='subheadertext'>Application areas:</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>Determination of the thickness of liquid coatings on smooth surfaces</SPAN><P><table width=80%><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>Versions:</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>Testing range</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>ZND 2050</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>25 µm to 2'000 µm</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>ZND 2052</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>100 µm to 950 µm, in steps of 25 µm</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>ZND 2053</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>2 mm to 10 mm</SPAN></TD></TR></table>", "Road Marking", "lab_marketing_list.asp?ProductID=45"],
		    [267, 45, "images/Cross-cut tester.jpg", "Cross-cut tester", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>Assessment of the adhesion of single or multi-coat systems</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Application areas:</span><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>for universal use</LI><LI>suitable for all standards, film thicknesses and substrates</LI></UL><P>Folding ruler with 3 mm shims and NT-cutter</SPAN><P>", "Road Marking", "lab_marketing_list.asp?ProductID=45"],
		    [268, 45, "images/Digital marking gauge.jpg", "Digital marking gauge", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>Handy and sturdy precision measuring instrument</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Application areas:</span><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>For digital measurement of the dry film thickness of road markings and similar coatings</LI><LI>For all types of road markings with and without drop-on materials and reflective beats</LI><LI>Direct measurement on site on the road or of samples in the laboratory</LI></UL></SPAN><P><table width=80%><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>Versions:</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>Measuring range:</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>5000.mm</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>-12,5 mm to +12,5 mm</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>5000.inch</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>-0.5 inch to +0.5 inch, changeable to mm</SPAN></TD></TR></table><P>By means of the optional measuring bridge it is possible to measure over the whole width of wider road markings and to sketch a cross-section. Optional availability of a portable printer.", "Road Marking", "lab_marketing_list.asp?ProductID=45"],
		    [269, 45, "images/Marking-wedge gauge.jpg", "Marking-wedge gauge", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Application areas:</span><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Gauge for the rapid determination of dry film thickness of road markings or similar coatings</LI><LI>For all types of road markings with and without drop-on materials and reflective beads</LI><LI>Direct measurement on site on the road or of samples in the laboratory</LI></UL></SPAN><P><table width=80%><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>Testing range</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>1 mm to 10 mm</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>Resolution</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>0,1 mm</SPAN></TD></TR></table>", "Road Marking", "lab_marketing_list.asp?ProductID=45"],
		    [270, 45, "images/Road marking control kits.jpg", "Road marking control kits", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>Comprehensive equipment for internal control and control checks</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Application areas:</span><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Temperature of air, ground and marking materials</LI><LI>Relative humidity</LI><LI>Wet film thickness</LI><LI>Amount of drop-on materials/reflective beads</LI><LI>Embedding of drop-on materials/reflective beads</LI></UL></SPAN><P><table width=80%><TR><TD colspan=2><span class='normaltext'>Versions:</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>ZMK 5050</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>complete set</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>ZMK 5051</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>complete set with additional ZMM 5000 Digital marking gauge</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>ZMK 5052</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>complete set with additional ZMP 5010 Marking-wedge gauge</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>ZMK 5053</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>complete set with additional ZMM 5000 and ZMP 5010</SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD width=20%><span class='normaltext'>ZMK 5054</SPAN></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'>with customer-specified contents</SPAN></TD></TR></table>", "Road Marking", "lab_marketing_list.asp?ProductID=45"],
		    [271, 45, "images/Resistance Tester.jpg", "Portable Skid Resistance Tester", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>Portable Skid Resistance Tester to determine the friction of road markings, asphalt and flooring materials. New also known as pendulum test value (PTV) of road markings.</SPAN><P><span class='subheadertext'>Application areas:</span><BR><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Determination of the pendulum test value in the field and laboratory use</LI></UL></SPAN><P>", "Road Marking", "lab_marketing_list.asp?ProductID=45"],
		    [272, 45, "images/Autolog.jpg", "Autolog", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>The ultimate roadmarking controller for medium to large trucks and Type A machines.<P>AUTOLOG is suitable for  bead or thermoplastic application, and RPM layout, and can download data to Jobcard Viewer for QA, billing and management purposes.  Two independent pattern outputs can be switched together or individually to any combination of gun outputs via an Output Box.  AUTOLOG interfaces with all RMSD products including RMSD Survey data acquisition system.   Thermo monitoring equipment and  accessories.  It can be connected  to a GPS (global positioning system).</SPAN><P>", "Road Marking", "lab_marketing_list.asp?ProductID=45"],
		    [273, 45, "images/Minitrac.jpg", "Minitrac", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>For small to medium roadmarking trucks and Type B machines.<P>MINITRAC  has two independent pattern outputs, which can be switched together or individually to any combination of gun outputs via an Output Box.   MINITRAC is suitable for  bead application and RPM layout, and can download data  to Jobcard Viewer for QA reports, billing and business management.</SPAN><P>", "Road Marking", "lab_marketing_list.asp?ProductID=45"],
		    [274, 46, "images/FullMatrix.jpg", "Full Matrix Portable Changeable Message Sign", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>The Inopave full matrix portable changeable message sign is capable of displaying both text and graphics using Inopave‘s revolutionary BRICK® modular sign system.<P>The full matrix also features Inopave‘s Solar Tilt And Rotate or S.T.A.R. System, collecting the sun's free energy and storing it in batteries for efficient and environmentally sound use when needed.<P>This trailer uses polyethylene Gull Wing enclosures for easy access, torsion axle for improved ground clearance and removable tongue for ease of storage and theft protection.</SPAN><P>", "Road Safety", "lab_marketing_list.asp?ProductID=46"], 
		    [275, 46, "images/Attenuator.jpg", "Truck Mounted Attenuator ", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</span><BR><table><TR><TD width='25%' rowspan='7'><img src='images/Attenuator.jpg2.gif'></TD><TD><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>The hydraulic system allows the cartridge to be partially raised for maximum road clearance and maneuverability</LI></UL></SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Scorpion's low profile and open tubular design in beneficial in minimizing wind resistance and drag, allowing you to drive at freeway speeds safely, as well as increasing rear visibility and gas mileage</LI></UL></SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Scorpion's lightweight aluminum construction minimizes rust and other corrosive elements and weighs only 1,800 lbs</LI></UL></SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>With its modular design, Scorpion crushes in progressive stages upon impact thus reducing repair costs</LI></UL></SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Scorpion's durable construction and heavy duty tubular side rails minimize incidental back-up or turning damage</LI></UL></SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>The unique curved design redirects side angle impacts away from the exposed corner of the truck</LI></UL></SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD><span class='normaltext'><UL><LI>Scorpion can be easily and quickly mounted to or removed from the truck</LI></UL></SPAN></TD></TR></table><div align=center><img src='images/Attenuator.jpg1.gif'></div>", "Road Safety", "lab_marketing_list.asp?ProductID=46"],
		    [276, 47, "images/CarlBro.jpg", "PRI 2100 FWD trailer", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>The classic and flexible solution mounted on a double-axle trailer. The FWD trailer works independently of the towing vehicle and can be towed by any vehicle. The only connection is the PC-cable. The operator controls the FWD from the driver's seat. This makes the measuring work simple and easy.<P>Download our brochures for further details. Also you may find useful information in our technical papers.</SPAN><P>", "PRI 2100 FWD trailer", "lab_advtest_Displaying.asp"],
		    [277, 47, "images/FWD van-integrated.jpg", "PRI 2100 FWD van-integrated", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>The van-integrated solution is ideal when the equipment is in daily or very frequent use. It is well suited for measuring in towns and densely populated areas and areas with a heavy traffic and where safe, accurate and quick maneuvre is required such as e.g. airports.<P>Download our brochures for further details. Also you may find useful information in our technical papers.</SPAN><P>", "PRI 2100 FWD van-integrated", "lab_advtest_Displaying.asp"],
		    [278, 47, "images/hand held FWD.jpg", "PRIMA 100 hand held FWD", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>PRIMA 100 is a portable mini-FWD and the new generation of small FWDs for on-site measurement of bearing capacity to minimize risks and optimise quality.<P>PRIMA 100 works with GPS (Geographic Positioning System) and the data transfer system allows wireless transfer of data and this gives unique working conditions as the operator may leave the computer in the car while measuring on site and still have data displayed on a wireless control board.<P>Download our brochures for further details. Also you may find useful information in our technical papers.</SPAN><P>", "PRIMA 100 hand held FWD", "lab_advtest_Displaying.asp"],
		    [279, 47, "images/Calibration equipment.jpg", "Calibration equipment", "<BR><span class='subheadertext'>Description</span><BR><span class='normaltext'>Carl Bro offers annual absolute calibration of all kinds of FWD equipment. Our calibration equipment is built into a suitcase which makes it mobile. In this way we can perform calibration on site.<P>An other solution is to buy the equipment. Contact Carl Bro for an offer and further information.</SPAN><P>", "Road Safety", "lab_advtest_Displaying.asp"]
		    ];